From OECD
International
Migration Outlook
Annual
Report - 2010 Edition
The recent recession has slowed migration, especially that driven by labour demand. Yet,
migration did not come to a halt – in part because family and humanitarian movements are
less sensitive to changes in labour market conditions, but also because of structural needs and
demographic trends. Concealed behind a slack labour market, the ageing of the population is
starting to reduce the working-age population in many countries.
The crisis has also had the effect of throwing many immigrant workers out of work, at a
higher rate than for native-born workers. Many were recent migrants, but not all. The road to
steady employment for migrants in the past has often been a long one. With job loss, the
return to such employment in the wake of the crisis could also be long. Add to this the fact
that, even in good times, labour market integration for immigrants and their children in many
OECD countries has not always met expectations.
The current situation for immigrants, particularly youth, is a particularly difficult one. The
sharpest decline in employment is observed among immigrant youth, particularly in the
countries hardest hit by the crisis. There is a real threat that this will have a long-term negative
impact on their integration outcomes.
It is important to remember that migrants were contributors to the national economy
when times were good; they should not be seen as a burden when times are bad. Those who
are without work should be given equal opportunity with native-born unemployed to develop
their skills and to re-integrate the ranks of the employed during the recovery. Jobs are the best
insurance against social exclusion and marginalisation of migrants and their children.
Employment contributes to their integration and to broader social cohesion. It also addresses
the concerns of public opinion towards immigration.
There is no escaping the fact that more labour migration will be needed in the future in
many OECD countries as the recovery progresses and the current labour market slack is
absorbed. There are several reasons for this, which it is useful to recall.
full text here
Table of Contents
Editorial: Ensuring that Migrants are Onboard the Recovery Train
Introduction
Part I
RECENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
A. Recent Flows, Demographic Developments and Migration
1. Introduction
2. International migration flows during 2008
3. Immigration flows by category of entry
4. Temporary worker migration
5. International migration flows and the economic crisis
6. Continents, regions and countries of origin of immigrants
7. Asylum seekers
8. International students
9. Demographic developments in OECD countries and international
migration
B. Migration Policy Development in OECD Countries
1. Introduction
2. Labour migration policies
3. International students
4. Humanitarian policies
5. General administrative procedures and structure
6. Enforcement and border control
7. International agreements
8. Integration policies
9. Migration policy in OECD countries
Notes
References
Part II
MIGRANTS IN OECD LABOUR MARKETS THROUGH THE CRISIS
1. A brief analysis of the dynamics of foreign-born employment
in OECD countries through the crisis
2. How were different migrant groups affected by the worsening
of labour market conditions
3. What are the main determinants of the recent labour market
outcomes of immigrants?
4. Helping immigrants through the crisis and beyond
Notes
References
Annex II.A1.1. Quarterly
employment and unemployment rates (15-64) by place of
birth in selected OECD countries, 2007-2009
Annex II.A1.2a.
Top 10 industries with the largest changes in foreign- and native-born employment
between 2008 and 2009 in the European Union
Annex II.A1.2b.
Top 10 industries with the largest changes in foreign- and native-born employment
between 2007 and 2009 in the United States
Part III
PUBLIC OPINIONS AND IMMIGRATION:
INDIVIDUAL ATTITUDES, INTEREST GROUPS AND THE MEDIA
Summary
Introduction
1. Public opinion on immigration and migration systems
2. Determinants of preferences over immigration
3. Interest groups and their influence on migration policy
4. The role of the media and the weight of beliefs in shaping
public opinion
Conclusion
Notes
References
Annex III.A1. Presentation
of Surveys
Annex III.A2. Determinants
of Beliefs about the Impact of Immigration and Preferences about
Migration Policy Based on the World Value Survey (WVS)
Part IV
NATURALISATION AND THE LABOUR MARKET INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANTS
Key findings
Introduction
1. Citizenship take-up among immigrants: An overview across
selected OECD countries
2. The labour market outcomes of naturalised and non-naturalised
immigrants
3. The impact of naturalisation on immigrants’ labour market
outcomes
Conclusions
Notes
References
Methodological Annex
Part V
RECENT CHANGES IN MIGRATION MOVEMENTS AND POLICIES
(COUNTRY NOTES)
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovak Republic
Spain.
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
STATISTICAL ANNEX
Introduction
General comments on tables
Inflows and outflows of foreign population
Inflows of asylum seekers
Stocks of foreign and foreign-born population
Acquisition of nationality
Inflows of foreign workers
Stocks of foreign and foreign-born labour
List of Correspondents of the Continuous Reporting System on
Migration (SOPEMI)
List of OECD Secretariat members involved in the preparation of this report
Figures, Tables and Boxes
Part I
RECENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
Figures
I.1. Observed and projected size of the incoming (20-24) and
outgoing (60-64)
working-age cohorts in OECD countries, 2000-2030
I.2. Permanent-type migration by category of entry, 2008
I.3. Top 20 origin countries of immigrants to the OECD,
1997-2008
I.4. Change in inflows of migrants by country of origin,
selected OECD countries, 1997-2007
and 2008
I.5. Contribution of natural increase and of net migration to
average annual population growth,
2002-2006
I.6. Permanent-type immigration relative to the average size of
a single-year cohort 20-24,
2004-2007
I.7. Distribution of the components of change in employment,
selected OECD countries, 2005-2008
I.8. Evolution of dependency ratios over the period 2000-2030,
OECD countries
Tables
I.1. International migration flows, 2003-2008
I.2. Temporary worker migration in OECD countries, 2003-2008
I.3. Distribution of inflows of migrants, by region of origin
and destination, 2008
I.4. Immigrant flows to the OECD area by income group and region
of origin, 2008
I.5. Change in inflows to OECD, 1995-2008
I.6. Inflows of asylum seekers in OECD countries, levels, trends
and maincountries of origin,
2007-2008
I.7. Tertiary enrolment of international and foreign students
(2007) andevolution since 2000
I.8. Status changes of international students and stay rates in
selected OECD countries, 2007
I.9. Observed (2000-2010) and projected (2010-2020) growth in
the working-age population (20-64)
at assumed migration levels
I.10. Points attributed under different recruitment systems in
selected OECD countries, 2010
Boxes
I.1. Standardised statistics on permanent immigrant inflows
I.2. Classifying countries of origin by national income levels
I.3. The definition of “international students”
I.4. Evolving point-based systems for skilled migration in OECD countries
Part II
MIGRANTS IN OECD LABOUR MARKETS THROUGH THE CRISIS
Figures
II.1. Harmonised unemployment rates, 2007-2009
II.2. Change in native- and foreign-born employment during
recent economic downturns in
selected OECD countries
II.3. Change in unemployment and employment rates by place of
birth between 2008 and 2009
II.4. Contribution of various factors to foreign- and
native-born employment between 2008
and 2009
II.5. Change in employment rates by place of birth and by age in
selected OECD countries, 2008-2009
II.6. Change in unemployment rates by place of birth and by
level of education in selected OECD
countries, 2008-2009
II.7a. Unemployment and inactivity rates of foreign born in EU15
by main regions of origin, 2008-2009
II.7b. Unemployment rates in Spain by region of origin,
2007-2009
II.7c. Unemployment rates in the United Kingdom by region of
origin, 2007-2009
II.7d. Unemployment rates in the United States by region of
origin, 2007-2009
II.8. Actual and expected changes in employment of immigrants in
selected OECD countries between 2008
and 2009
II.9. Growth in part-time employment by place of birth in
selected OECD countries, 2008-2009
Tables
II.1. Unemployment rate and inflows of foreign workers in some
EuropeanOECD countries at the time
of the second oil crisis
II.2. Share of different types of employment in total employment
by placeof birth (15-64 years old),
2008
Annex
II.A1.1. Quarterly employment and unemployment rates (15-64) by
place of birth in selected OECD
countries, 2007-2009
II.A1.2a. Top 10 industries with the largest changes in foreign-
and native-born employment between
2008 and 2009 in the European Union
II.A1.2b. Top 10 industries with the largest changes in foreign-
and native-born employment between
2007 and 2009 in the United States
Box
II.1. Impact of the economic crisis on immigrant workers in
Japan and policy responses
Part III
PUBLIC OPINIONS AND IMMIGRATION:
INDIVIDUAL ATTITUDES, INTEREST GROUPS AND THE MEDIA
Figures
III.1. Proportions of respondents in favour of increasing,
maintaining or reducing current
immigration flows to their countries, 2003
III.2. Support for increased immigration in relation to the
rising proportion of immigrants in
the populations of certain OECD countries, 1995-2003
III.3. Average opinions on immigrants and refugees, 1995
III.4. Opinions on the importance of different selection
criteria for immigration, 2002
III.5. Opinions about the impact of immigrants on the economy
and balance of opinions in favour of
immigration in certain OECD countries, 2003
III.6. Relationship between unemployment rate and beliefs about
the positive economic impact of
immigration
III.7. Perceived impact of immigration on the economy and the
cultural life, 2008
Annex
III.A1.1. Proportion of non-responses to questions about
preferred trends in immigration
flows
Tables
III.1. Determinants of beliefs about the impact of immigration
and preferences over migration
policy, ESS surveys, 2002-2008
III.2. Determinants of beliefs about the impact of immigration
and preferences over migration
policy, ISSP survey, 2003
III.3. Determinants of beliefs about the impact of immigration
and preferences about immigration
policy, analysis by country
III.4. Different countries’ public opinion on conditions
governing immigrants’ eligibility
to the same social entitlements enjoyed by those already resident in
the country, 2008
III.5. Individual determinants of opinions about immigrants’
eligibility for social benefits, ESS
2008
Annexes
III.A1.1. European countries covered by the analyses based on
the European Social Surveys
III.A1.2. Countries covered by the analyses based on the World
Value Survey
III.A1.3. Countries covered by the analyses based on the
International Social Survey, 2003
III.A2.1. Determinants of beliefs about the impact of
immigration and preferences about
migration policy, WVS, 1995-2008
Part IV
NATURALISATION AND THE LABOUR MARKET INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANTS
Figures
IV.1. Share of foreign-born who have the host-country
nationality, selected OECD
countries, by gender, around 2007
IV.2. Employment rates for immigrants by citizenship status,
around 2007
IV.3. Public sector share of total employment, naturalised and
non-naturalised immigrants, as a
proportion of the public sector share for native-born persons,
around 2007
Tables
IV.1. Naturalisation rates (%) by origin, around 2007
IV.2. Percentage of foreign-born who have the nationality of the
host country, 1999/2000 and
2007/2008, by region of origin, selected European OECD
countries
IV.3. Share of low- and high-educated immigrants by citizenship
status and origin, around 2007
IV.4. Estimated higher probability to be in employment
associated with naturalisation (in
percentage points), around 2007
IV.5. Distribution of employed immigrants by occupational level,
by gender and citizenship status
(%), around 2007
IV.6. Estimated higher probability of employment in a
high-skilled occupation associated
with naturalisation (in percentage points), around 2007
IV.7. Estimated higher wage associated with naturalisation, by
origin, France and Germany, around
2006
IV.8. Estimated higher probability to be employed in the public
sector associated with
naturalisation (in percentage points), around 2007
Annexes
IV.A1.1. Employment rates of immigrant men by citizenship status
and origin, around 2007
IV.A1.2. Employment rates of immigrant women by citizenship
status and origin, around 2007
IV.A1.3. Longitudinal studies on the impact of naturalisation on
the labour market outcomes of
immigrants
Box
IV.1. Dual citizenship
Part V
MIGRATION MOVEMENTS AND POLICIES
Australia: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Austria: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Belgium: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Bulgaria: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Canada: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Czech Republic: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Denmark: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Finland: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
France: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Germany: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Greece: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Hungary: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Ireland: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Italy: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Japan: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Korea: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Lithuania: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Luxembourg: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Mexico: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Netherlands: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
New Zealand: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Norway: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Poland: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Portugal: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Romania: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Slovak Republic: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Spain: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Sweden: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Switzerland: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
Turkey: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
United Kingdom: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
United States: Recent trends in migrants’ flows and stocks
STATISTICAL ANNEX
Inflows and outflows of foreign population
A.1.1.Inflows of foreign population into OECD countries
A.1.2.Outflows of foreign population from OECD countries
B.1.1. Australia
B.1.1. Austria
B.1.1. Belgium
B.1.1. Canada
B.1.1. Switzerland
B.1.1. Czech Republic
B.1.1. Germany
B.1.1. Denmark
B.1.1. Spain
B.1.1. Finland
B.1.1. France
B.1.1. United Kingdom
B.1.1. Hungary
B.1.1. Ireland
B.1.1. Italy
B.1.1. Japan
B.1.1. Korea
B.1.1. Luxembourg
B.1.1. Mexico
B.1.1. Netherlands
B.1.1. Norway
B.1.1. New Zealand
B.1.1. Poland
B.1.1. Portugal
B.1.1. Slovak Republic
B.1.1. Sweden
B.1.1. Turkey
B.1.1. United States
Metadata related to tables A.1.1, A.1.2 and B.1.1 Migration
flows in selected OECD countries
Inflows of asylum seekers
A.1.3. Inflows of asylum seekers into OECD countries
B.1.3. Australia
B.1.3. Austria
B.1.3. Belgium
B.1.3. Canada
B.1.3. Switzerland
B.1.3. Czech Republic
B.1.3. Denmark
B.1.3. Germany
B.1.3. Spain
B.1.3. Finland
B.1.3. France
B.1.3. United Kingdom
B.1.3. Greece
B.1.3. Hungary
B.1.3. Ireland
B.1.3. Italy
B.1.3. Japan
B.1.3. Korea
B.1.3. Luxembourg
B.1.3. Netherlands
B.1.3. Norway
B.1.3. New Zealand
B.1.3. Poland
B.1.3. Portugal
B.1.3. Slovak Republic
B.1.3. Sweden
B.1.3. Turkey
B.1.3. United States
Metadata related to tables A.1.3. and B.1.3. Inflows of asylum
seekers
Stocks of foreign and foreign-born population
A.1.4. Stocks of foreign-born population in OECD countries
B.1.4. Australia
B.1.4. Austria
B.1.4. Belgium
B.1.4. Canada
B.1.4. Switzerland
B.1.4. Denmark
B.1.4. Spain
B.1.4. Finland
B.1.4. France
B.1.4. United Kingdom
B.1.4. Greece
B.1.4. Hungary
B.1.4. Ireland
B.1.4. Luxembourg
B.1.4. Mexico
B.1.4. Netherlands
B.1.4. Norway
B.1.4. New Zealand
B.1.4. Poland
B.1.4. Portugal
B.1.4. Slovak Republic
B.1.4. Sweden
B.1.4. Turkey
B.1.4. United States
Metadata related to tables A.1.4 and B.1.4. Foreign-born
population
A.1.5. Stocks of foreign population in OECD countries
B.1.5. Austria
B.1.5. Belgium
B.1.5. Switzerland
B.1.5. Czech Republic
B.1.5. Germany
B.1.5. Denmark
B.1.5. Spain
B.1.5. Finland
B.1.5. France
B.1.5. United Kingdom
B.1.5. Greece
B.1.5. Hungary
B.1.5. Ireland
B.1.5. Italy
B.1.5. Japan
B.1.5. Korea
B.1.5. Luxembourg
B.1.5. Netherlands
B.1.5. Norway
B.1.5. Poland
B.1.5. Portugal
B.1.5. Slovak Republic
B.1.5. Sweden
B.1.5. Turkey
Metadata related to tables A.1.5. and B.1.5. Foreign population
Acquisition of nationality
A.1.6. Acquisition of nationality in OECD countries
B.1.6. Australia
B.1.6. Austria
B.1.6. Belgium
B.1.6. Canada
B.1.6. Switzerland
B.1.6. Czech Republic
B.1.6. Germany
B.1.6. Denmark
B.1.6. Spain
B.1.6. Finland
B.1.6. France
B.1.6. Hungary
B.1.6. Ireland
B.1.6. Italy
B.1.6. Japan
B.1.6. Korea
B.1.6. Luxembourg
B.1.6. Netherlands
B.1.6. Norway
B.1.6. New Zealand
B.1.6. Poland
B.1.6. Portugal
B.1.6. Slovak Republic
B.1.6. Sweden
B.1.6. Turkey
B.1.6. United States
Metadata related to tables A.1.6. and B.1.6. Acquisition of
nationality
Inflows of foreign workers
A.2.1. Inflows of foreign workers into OECD countries
Metadata related to table A.2.1. Inflows of foreign workers
Stocks of foreign and foreign-born labour
A.2.2. Stocks of foreign-born labour force in OECD countries
Metadata related to table A.2.2. Foreign-born labour force
A.2.3. Stocks of foreign labour force in OECD countries
Metadata related to table A.2.3. Foreign labour force
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