| On Planning for Development: dependency theory |
WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
Rapid
Spread of Crisis Reflects Close Global Economic Ties
By Stephan
Danninger, Ravi Balakrishnan, Selim Elkdag, and Irina Tytell -
IMF Research Department
April 16,
2009
IMF
research shows financial stress can spread rapidly to emerging economies
Financial
links with advanced economies are a key channel
Coordinated
policy response by advanced, emerging economies needed
Emerging economies are now so closely
integrated with advanced economies that financial stress transmits
rapidly and forcefully, with financial linkages a key channel of
transmission, according to new IMF research.
But the
decline in capital flows to emerging economies following a crisis may
be protracted, given the solvency problems faced by banks in the major
industrialized economies that provide significant financing to emerging
markets.
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Róbinson Rojas, 2001
International capital: a menace to human dignity
and life on planet earth
Notes on
globalisation and its effects on developing societies as explained by
structuralism and dependency theory
"Increasing globalisation, which appears as if it was the only way
societies can develop in modern times, points to the continuing
relevance of structuralist theory as posed by ECLAC since the 1950s,
and dependency theory as developed from the early 1960s, in Chile. Both
theories view the problems of underdevelopment and development within a
global context, as interconnected economic, political and social
processes. Dependency theory forecasted that the world system will tend
to concentrate production in the hands of relatively few transnational
corporations, making of the world market an oligopoly market."
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Andre Gunder Frank - 2002
...on
everything...including dependency theory
An
explanation may be due to my many personal and political friends and
some political foes around the world who again and again raise two
questions about whether or not I have changed my mind about dependence
and about capitalism, and if so how and why. The questions have been
raised at innumerable professional meetings in their formal sessions
and informally in hallways and restaurants. They are raised also by
many people in their own professional papers and/or other venues.
Moreover, thanks to the internet, I receive an average of at least one
inquiry each week from mostly students whom I do not know all around
the world about dependence and what I now think of it and about
capitalism, does it exist and if not what does? Both questions arise
out of their real life importance and the public policy stands that I
have taken to them, which seem curious to those who have accompanied -
and also to the many who by reasons of age have not- my half century
public and active engagement with these vital issues.
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Kenneth Surin - 1998
Dependency Theory's reanimation in the era of financial
capital
In this
paper I examine the claim, advanced in many quarters and in several
versions, that the most recent forms of capitalist development have
effectively discredited theories of uneven or dependent development,
and this because these theories hinge crucially on conceptions that are
no longer plausible theoretically and which have been sidelined by
recent historical events. Thus, the ending of the 'Golden Age' ensued
in a radical restructuring of world capitalism that saw the emergence
of new regimes of international competition. These new regimes have
caused many so-called Third World countries to lurch into protracted
recession and the associated problems of chronic debt and current
account imbalances.
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Róbinson Rojas - 1989
Notes
on development and dependency
If we are
going to address the problem of development in Third World
societies some clarification is necessary:
---the environment is one where the capitalist system of production,
that is, a particular socio-economic system, is forced from outside
into
largely rural economies, pre-capitalist economies (not that they were
at
an "early" stage leading to capitalism, rather they "were not
capitalist"
and, probably, wouldn't have developed capitalist relations of
production
from within)..."
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Róbinson Rojas - 1971
The
Chilean Armed Forces: a political organization
...The
definitive decline of the class of
large landowners began ( a decline that will culminate this year, 1971,
with Popular Unity's land reform ), the industrial bourgeoisie grew,
and the strength of the bureaucratic bourgeoisie was born under the
shadow of the development of the state. They governed in collusion with
oligarchic financial and commercial sectors, while imperialism's
control, aided by the Second World War, became more general and solid.
At the same time, contradictions between industrial bourgeois sectors
and imperialist consortiums acting in Chile began to increase. The
state served these dominant classes and Yankee imperialism...
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Róbinson Rojas - 1992
Dependent
capitalist development: Chile (notes)
"Chile is a
capitalist country,
dependent on the imperialist nations and dominated by bourgeois groups
who are structurally related to foreign capital and who cannot resolve
the country's fundamental problems -problems which are clearly the
result of class privilege which will never be given up voluntarily."
"Moreover, as a direct consequence of the development of world
capitalism, the submission of the national monopolistic bourgeoisie
to imperialism daily furthers its role as junior partner to foreign
capital, increasingly accentuating its dependent nature."(UP political
programme)
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Osvaldo Sunkel - 1985
The Transnational Corporate System
This paper
summarizes the conceptualization of a world economy dominated by
transnational corporations, creating an international political and
economic environment where less developed societies are pushed to
"modernize" as dependent capitalist economies. This notion is,
of course, the cornerstone of dependency theory as created and
developed in Santiago, Chile, during the 1960s. I include Sunkel's text
in this section to contribute to the understanding of the basic tenets
of what is known as integrated international production
systems.
(Róbinson Rojas, 1990)
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Róbinson Rojas - 1992
The Chilean way to socialism: Popular Unity
By 1970, a
large sector of the Chilean population was openly advocating
a revolution. The prevailing revolutionary ideology was one based in
the enormous economic power of the "mobilising state". This ideology
posed the strategy of "making the revolution from inside the state",
gaining the government, that is. That was the basis for the political
programme presented by the Popular Unity (Unidad Popular) for the
presidential elections in 1970
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Fernando H.Cardoso - 1972
Dependency and Development in Latin America
Latin
America from the beginning was somewhat different in its links to
the imperialist process. It is true that this process of colonialistic
penetration obtained with respect to some countries (mainly the
Caribbean nations). Yet throughout most of Latin America, the
imperialistic upsurge occurred by way of a more complex process,
through
which Latin American countries kept their political independence, but
slowly shifted from subordination to an earlier British influence to
American predominace.
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Fernando H. Cardoso/Enzo Faletto - 1969
Comprehensive
Analysis of Development
In
purely economic terms, the degree of development of a production sector
can be analyzed through a group of variables -the relation between the
number of workers and capital, industrial output per added capital, and
so forth- that reflect the process of structural diversification of the
economy. Using this analysis as a base, the structure of society is
deduced principally from the pattern of income distribution and the
structure of employment. However, this strictly economic analysis can
only be related to political and social development by looking beyond
the social structure to its process of formation and to the social
forces exerting pressure to maintain or change it.
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Theotonio Dos Santos - 1970
The
Structure of Dependence
We attempt
to demonstrate that the dependence of Latin American
countries on other countries cannot be overcome without a qualitative
change in their internal structures and external relations. We shall
attempt to show that the relations of dependence to which these
countries are subjected conform to a type of international and internal
structure which leads them to underdevelopment or more precisely to a
dependent structure that deepens and aggravates the fundamental
problems
of their peoples.
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Salvador Allende
Speech
to the UN General Assembly, 4th Dec. 1972
Salvador
Allende's speech is a historical document which scholars should read
when trying to understand what kind of reality is faced by societies
struggling for development in a context where national strategies are
brutally constrained by "international forces". These forces being
grouped under banners like "defense of the democratic system" during
the Cold War, or "market forces"/ "globalization" in the post-Cold War
era. In this excerpts of Salvador Allende's speech the "international
forces" are very well individualized...there is no difference between
those forces in 1972 and now, in the 1990s... (Robinson Rojas - 1997)
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Chile - 1969
The Popular Unity's Programme (Alternative Development)
This
political programme, in 1970, represented an alternative way for
development, based on ECONOMIC GROWTH WITH EQUAL ACCESS TO ECONOMIC
RESOURCES AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT WITH EQUAL ACCESS TO POLITICAL
RESOURCES for the Chilean population. Students of development should
take a close look to this text, because, today, more than thirty years
since the murderers led by the White House and the Chilean generals
killed Salvador Allende, still is a valid and consistent "programme for
sustainable development" alternative to the capitalist model which
exclude a large portion of society from the fruits of economic growth,
and which also unleashes environmental destruction and unhuman
development.
(Róbinson Rojas, 2003)
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U.S. Senate - 1975
Covert
Action in Chile 1963-1973
Was the
United States DIRECTLY involved, covertly, in the 1973 coup in Chile?
The Committee has found no evidence that it was. However, the United
States sought in 1970 to foment a military coup in Chile; after 1970 it
adopted a policy both overt and covert, of opposition to Allende; and
it remained in intelligence contact with the Chilean military,
including officers who were participating in coup plotting.
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Eduardo Galeano - 1970
Latin America and the Theory of Imperialism
"Centralized" capitalism can afford the luxury of creating and
believing
its own myths of opulence, but myths cannot be eaten, and the poor
nations that constitute the vast capitalist "periphery" are well aware
of this fact. Imperialism has "modernized" itself in its methods and
characteristics, but it has not magically turned into a universal
philanthropic organisation. The system's greed grows with the system
itself.
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| Foreign
Policy IN FOCUS |
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From
Journal of World-Systems Research, Volume 10, Summer 2004:
Mini-Symposium: Peter Gowan & The "Capitalist World-Empire"
Peter Gowan: Contemporary Intra-Core Relations
and World Systems Theory
Abstract
John Gulick: A Critical Appraisal of Peter
Gowan’s "Contemporary Intra-Core Relations and World-Systems Theory": A
Capitalist World-Empire or U.S.-East Asian Geo-Economic Integration?
Abstract
Terry Boswell: How Can Anti-Imperialism Not Be
Anti-Racist? The North American Anti-Globalization Movement
Abstract
Giovanni Arrighi: Spatial and Other "Fixes" of
Historical Capitalism
Abstract
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Amechi Okolo - 1983
Dependency in Africa: stages of African political
economy
The process
of Western incursion and domination of Africa can be divided into the
following five phases:
1. Barbarian domination
2. Imperialist domination
3. Colonial domination
4. Neo-colonial domination
5. Dependency domination
Each phase was manifested both in the Western nations and in Africa;
every capitalist transformation in the West was reflected in the
political economy of Africa.
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Róbinson Rojas - 1992
Notes on ECLAC's structuralism and dependency
theory
Dependency
basic point of view was as follows:
-ECLA's structuralist reading of Latin American (and probably the rest
of former colonies) societies as economically "fractured" was correct.
-ECLA's assumption that international trade could take a "fairer" shape
within conditions of capitalist monopolic capital was incorrect.
-ECLA economic theories and critiques were not based on:
----- an analysis of social process
----- an analysis of imperialist relationships among countries
----- an analysis of the asymmetric relations between classes
-Import-substitution strategies, carried out in conditions of
capitalist relations of production dominated by the economic empires
led by United States was a recipe for further "colonization",
"domination", and "dependency".
-Old fashioned export-led strategies will have the same results, though
faster.
-There is no possibility of becoming independent, free nation-states in
a world dominated by the capitalist economic-political empires, if our
societies don't create an alternative system of production...
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Fernando H. Cardoso/Enzo Faletto - 1979
Capitalist development and the State
The more
developed countries of Latin America are attempting to define
foreign policy objectives that take advantage of contradictions in the
international order and allow these countries some independent policy-
making. But these countries remain dependent and assure an internal
social order favorable to capitalist interests and consequently fail to
challenge one of the basic objectives of American foreign policy.
Multinational enterprises continue to receive support from the foreign
policies of their countries of origin, as well as from local states.
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G. Palma - 1978
Dependency: A formal theory of underdevelopment or a
methodology
for the analysis of concrete situations of underdevelopment?
May one
talk of a 'theory of dependency'? If so, what general implications does
it have for contemporary development strategy? Do we find under the
'dependency' label theories of such a diverse nature that it would be
more appropriate to speak of a 'school of dependency'? Is it even
correct to describe as theories the different approaches within that
school? And if so, what general implications might each one have for
contemporary development strategy?
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Róbinson Rojas - 1984
Latin
America: a failed industrial revolution
By late
XVIII century the Latin American mode of production was in
its final stage of consolidation. In Western Europe the industrial
revolution was in its mid-way to completion. In Latin America there
existed a self-sufficient economic structure shifting vigorously
from mining to agricultural economy.
This development changed colonial Latin America from being outpost
for Spanish and Portuguese plunder to a social formation being
plundered by the force of two alien colonial powers. Thus, a
society was being plundered by another society, and part of the
colonial ruling class wealth was being removed by the Iberian
ruling classes. Therefore, unlike earlier times, even the ruling
class in Latin America (the white creoles) was being submitted to
an external power, and the struggle to get rid of that submission
became more and more apparent.
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Róbinson Rojas - 1984
Latin
America: the making of a fractured society
The concept
combining production, distribution, exchange and consumption as
"members of a totality, distinctions within a unity" is a basic
analytical tool within the marxian theory of modes of production. It
gives us a basis for dealing with the mutual interaction between
economics and society, ie, the definite relations between a system of
production and its social structure. To my thesis, this concept is
basic for explaining the internal dynamics of Latin American society
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Róbinson Rojas - 1984
Latin
America: a dependent mode of production
In the
XIX-XX centuries there occurred a second "collision".
This time, between the Latin American mode of production and the
capitalist mode of production. In this process, the colonial social
structure succeeded in adapting capitalist relations of production
(absorbing them gradually), and creating a system of production
that suited the needs of the colonial social structure to remain in
the same state with only marginal modifications. Therefore, in this
phase of development, this non-capitalist
social structure placed boundaries (limits) within which capitalist
relations of production could develop in the system of production
in the region.
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Róbinson Rojas - 1984
Latin
America: on the effects of colonization
Consequently, I focus on the origin, development and internal
mechanisms of the reproduction of Latin America's social structure,
arriving at a number of major conclusions; for example: that U.S.
imperialist domination in the region is not a cause, but an effect of
the social and economic structure of the region; that imperialist
domination, underdevelopment, underindustrialization, and dictatorships
are not a "sickness" in the continent, but instances of the
reproduction of a particular social structure, as reflections of the
articulation between capitalist relations of production and a
pre-capitalist social structure, which leads to the conclusion that
Latin America's social structure itself is the cause of
underdevelopment, and the barrier to development.
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Walden Bello - 1998
Speculation,
Foreign Capital Dependence and the Collapse of the Southeast Asian
Economies
But the
agenda of U.S. economic authorities goes beyond the currency question
to include the accelerated deregulation, privatization and
liberalization of trade in goods and services.
Formerly, the economic clout of the Southeast Asian countries enabled
them to successfully resist Washington's demands for faster trade
liberalization. Indeed, they were able to derail Washington's rush to
transform the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) into a free
trade area. But with the changed situation, the capacity to resist has
been drastically reduced and there is virtually no way to prevent
Washington and the IMF from completing the liberalization or structural
adjustment of the economies where the process was aborted (with the
significant exception of financial liberalization) in the late eighties
owing to the cornucopia of Japanese investment.
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Jose Carlos Mariategui - 1924
History of the world crisis
In this
lecture -- let us call it conversation rather than lecture -- will
limit myself to laying out the course’s program, as well as some
thoughts on the need to spread knowledge of world crisis among the
proletariat. Unfortunately, in Peru there is a lack of an educating
press which will follow the development of this great crisis with
attentiveness, intelligence, and an ideological filiation; likewise,
there is a lack of university professors, of José Ingenieros’ kind,
capable of being passionate about the ideas of renovation which are
currently changing the world, and of freeing themselves from the
influence and prejudices of a conservative and bourgeois culture and
education; there is a lack of socialist and syndicalist groups, in
possession of their own instruments of popular culture, and thus
capable of making the people interested in studying the crisis. The
only popular educational institution, with a revolutionary spirit, is
this institution-in-formation, the People’s University. It thus falls
to it, beyond the modest plane of its initial work, to present
contemporary reality to the people, explain to the people that it is
living through one of the greatest and most transcendental times in
history, and infect the people with the fruitful restlessness which
currently moves the other civilized peoples of the world.
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Marx/Engels Internet Archive
Important
information about the current state of MIA
February 9, 2007: On January 13th the MIA server was taken down by a
sustained denial of service attack from China. You can still access MIA
thanks to our mirror servers, who have overcome the Chinese attackers.
Please note that any e-mail sent to marxists.org will not work until we
have our new server setup by March 1st. You
can read the full details of these incidents here.
|
World History Archive
The history of neocolonialism in
Africa
Bay of Pigs Invasion
The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful attempt by United
States-backed Cuban exiles to overthrow the government of the Cuban
dictator Fidel Castro. Increasing friction between the U.S. government
and Castro's leftist regime led President Dwight D. Eisenhower to break
off diplomatic relations with Cuba in January 1961. Even before that,
however, the Central Intelligence Agency had been training
anti-revolutionary Cuban exiles for a possible invasion of the island.
The invasion plan was approved by Eisenhower's successor, John F.
Kennedy.
On April 17, 1961 about 1300 exiles, armed with U.S. weapons, landed at
the Bahía de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) on the southern coast of Cuba.
Hoping to find support from the local population, they intended to
cross the island to Havana. It was evident from the first hours of
fighting, however, that the exiles were likely to lose. President
Kennedy had the option of using the U.S. Air Force against the Cubans
but decided against it. Consequently, the invasion was stopped by
Castro's army. By the time the fighting ended on April 19, 90 exiles
had been killed and the rest had been taken as prisoners.
The Central Intelligence Agency: its crimes.
According
to the CIA's own definition, covert action means
"any clandestine or secret activities designed to influence
foreign governments, events, organizations, or persons in support
of U.S. foreign policy conducted in such manner that the
involvement of the U.S. Government is not apparent." Before we
explore the various types of covert operations in which the
Agency engages, we should examine one of the methods that the CIA
uses to mask its activities. What is being referred to is the
establishment of "front" organizations, better known as
proprietaries.
R.A.Pastor - 1992
U.S.
foreign policy: the Caribbean Basin
Scholars of
inter-American relations have devoted considerable efforts to try to
locate the motive for U.S. involvement in the internal affairs of its
neighbors. Instead of a single answer, they have amassed a collection
of explanations that range from security (keep out rivals, maintain
stability), political/ideological (promote democracy, prevent Communism
or "alien" ideologies), economic (imperialism, access to investment or
trade), to psychological (an impulse to dominate, a fear of insecurity,
misperception). A particular explanation might be cogent for a case,
but in trying to understand what moves the United States over time, one
needs to look for patterns in the history of U.S. relations with the
region.
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Róbinson Rojas (1970)
El desarrollo del dominio imperialista en Chile
"...de America fluye hacia los Estados Unidos un torrente continuo de
dinero: unos cuatro mil dolares por minuto, cinco millones por día, dos
mil millones por año, diez mil millones cada cinco años. Por cada mil
dólares que se nos van, nos queda un muerto. !Mil dólares por muerto:
ese es el precio de lo que se llama imperialismo!"
(Segunda Declaración de La Habana,
1962) texto completo aquí
La historia del dominio imperialista yanqui en Chile, es la historia de
la lucha constante y creciente de un pueblo por liberarse de ese
dominio, por un lado, y la traición descarada de las clases dominantes,
que se han encargado de facilitar el saqueo económico de nuestro pueblo
por parte de los yanquis, abriéndoles las puertas de la educación, de
la cultura, de los hábitos, de las costumbres y del Estado chileno al
dominio imperialista.
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E.A.Mance: América
Latina, Dependência e Globalizaçao
Cooperativas
O quinto Caderno da colecção aborda o tema das cooperativas, tratadas
como verdadeiras empresas, em termos de risco, de necessidade de
investimentos, de qualidade de recursos humanos determinantes para a
sobrevivência e o sucesso das mesmas, e ainda como instituições
económicas que, em certas condições, possam incorporar alguns valores
de
coesão social e de acção comunitária na luta contra a pobreza.
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T. Dos Santos ( 2004):
Lula contra la pared
El gobierno Lula vive su primera crisis estructural. El próximo día 20
se reúne el Comité del Ministerio de Economía encargado de definir la
tasa de interés básica pagada por el Estado para la colocación de sus
títulos en el mercado (COPOM). En torno de esta reunión se abrió una
lucha política de gran importancia estratégica.
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A. G. Frank:
La dependencia de Theotonio
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Textos
de Anibal Pinto Santa Cruz:
Sobre
planificación:
6.- Algunas
cuestiones generales de la política
económica en la América Latina, 1967
1.- Raices
estructurales de la inflacion en América
Latina, 1971
Sobre
distribución del ingreso:
7.- Notas sobre
la distribución del ingreso y la
estrategia de la distribución, 1962
2.- Concentración
del progreso técnico y de sus
frutos en el desarrollo latinoamericano, 1965
5.- Factores
estructurales y modalidades del
desarrollo; su incidencia sobre la distribución del ingreso, 1967
Sobre
dependencia:
3.- Heterogeneidad
estructural y modelo de desarrollo
reciente de la América Latina, 1972
4.- Notas sobre
desarrollo, subdesarrollo y
dependencia, 1972
8.- El
sistema centro-periferia 20 años después,
1972
9.- Las
relaciones económicas entre America Latina
y los Estados Unidos; algunas implicaciones y perspectivas políticas,
1972
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