Róbinson Rojas -1997
The other side of China's miracle: unemployment and inequality
Rural jobless threat.Since the counter-revolution
took over in China in 1977, two main
problems have been mounting: increasing unemployment and
income differentiation. In September 1995, Far Eastern
Economic Review published the following:
Rural unemployment poses the "biggest threat" to China, which must
expand labour-intensive industries, according to a State Statistics
Bureau Report. "Labour supply will continue to outweigh demand for
a long time", the report said. It called China's official estimates
of 100 million rural jobless inaccurate. Unofficial tallies put the
number at 200 million -nearly 17% of the population".
In October 1995, Li Boyong, Chinese Minister of Labour, said that
"the problem of oversupply of labour will remain for a long time,
a fact which exerts considerable pressure on reform and
development"...
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Róbinson Rojas -1997
Notes on China's painful path to capitalism
Between October 1976 and late 1978 the Chinese socialist path to
development was stopped and then dismantled by the
counter-revolutionary
members of the Communist Party who staged a coup-d'etat in late 1976
to reverse the revolutionary process evolving since 1950. This
coup d'etat was the last battle in a civil war started in 1966, when
the
new communist ruling class in China was challenged by part of the
industrial workers, students and peasants and a section of the Central
Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Leaders of the new ruling
class were Liu Shao-chi (then president of China), Chou En-lai (then
Prime Minister of China), and Deng Xiaoping (then second in command
in the political bureau). Between 1966 and 1976 this civil war was
known as the "cultural revolution".
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Róbinson Rojas 1996
Notes on South Korea, Taiwan and the myth of the East Asian
miracle
The notion of "guided capitalism" was put forward by scholars studying
the post 1945 process of industrialization in three societies: Japan,
South Korea and Taiwan. The three cases had in common a "singularity",
which was
-special access to United States' domestic market,
-heavy protectionist economic policies accepted by transnational
corporations,
-special flows of grants and aid from the United States,
-special flows of aid in food from the United States when land reform
was in progress, and
-special military treaties, which boosted sectors of the domestic
economies in the three societies.
The above five components of this singularity made possible an economic
system which was accurately described as a "close liaison between
government and business, in which
the government picked industrial winners, promoted them with cheap
bank loans, and pushed them down the path of exporting, transformed
Korea into an industrial powerhouse". (Financial Times, Nov. 7, 1995)
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L.H. Rockwell (2002)
The legimitacy of
capitalism
Why does freedom need a relentless intellectual defense? Because of
statements like the following: "the legitimacy of global capitalism as
the dominant system of production, distribution, and exchange will be
eroded even further, even in the heartland of the system…; while there
are villains aplenty, it is the dynamics of the system of deregulated,
finance-driven global capitalism that is the central problem."
The words happen to be written by pop econo-sociologist Walden Bello,
but the sentiments have been echoed all across the left, right, and
center. Certainly Bello's conviction that the problem is with the
market system reflects the views of every bureaucrat currently
regulating the capital markets, and probably two-thirds of tenured
professors in this country.
Capitalism needs a conscience, says Bush, because otherwise it will be
consumed by the "destructive greed" of businessmen. Greenspan concurs,
adding that when this greed is "infectious," it destabilizes markets.
"This cowboy capitalism must stop," adds Maxine Waters, further urging
Bush and Greenspan to apply a regulatory "conscience" to quarantine
"infectious greed."
Yet Bush
didn't go far enough in his speech, say the nation's editorial pages.
He should have gone "after the evils of capitalism" itself, says the San
Francisco Chronicle, in the same way that Clinton went after
racism even when it emanated from Sister Souljah.
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A. G. Frank (2001): On the Asian economy - historically
It is a great honor indeed to have my book translated into and
published in the Korean language, and I am thankful to Yesan for taking
the initiative to do so and to Mr. XX for making this communication
between us possible. Therefore also, it is a privilege and pleasure to
be invited and able to address the Korean reader in this foreword
prepared especially for you. That is all the more so the case as I am a
Westerner, neither a historian nor a student of Asia, and much less of
Korea. These last conditions of mine may however turn out to have been
a good thing both for me and the reader in Korea and elsewhere. The
reason is illustrated by the personal inscription that my son [ who is
a student of Chinese history at Harvard University] wrote for me as he
made me a birthday present of a book on an aspect of Asian history. My
son wrote : "From one who sees (and studies) the tree to one who sees
(and studies) the forest. Happy Birthday! Paulo." Indeed, almost all
historians only like, or like only, to look at particular historical
trees; and they ignore or even deny the forest, and especially the
global forest, in which the trees grow and must live and reproduce..
They see no forest at all, least of all a global world forest.
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Romer Cornejo (2005)
China, un nuevo actor en el escenario
latinoamericano
El aumento del intercambio económico y político entre
China y América Latina ha generado diversas reacciones.
Algunos han tendido a percibir a China como una amenaza
para los proyectos exportadores de sus países; otros, como
la tabla de salvación para las economías exportadoras de
materias primas y alimentos. Con una renovada presencia
en el escenario internacional, China tiene intereses
globales vinculados a su proyecto de desarrollo económico
y su consolidación como Estado nacional. En este
sentido, América Latina puede aportarle materias primas,
nuevos mercados para sus productos y alianzas
diplomáticas que apoyen sus intereses.
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L.H. Rockwell (2002)
A legitimidade do
capitalisme
Por que a liberdade precisa de uma incansável defesa intelectual? Por
causa de declarações como a seguinte: "A legitimidade do capitalismo
global, como o sistema dominante de produção, distribuição e troca será
erodida ainda mais, mesmo no coração do sistema...; embora haja vilões
em grande número, é a dinâmica do sistema de capitalismo global
desregulamentado, dirigido pelas finanças, que é o problema central."
As palavras foram escritas pelo economista-sociólogo pop Walden Bello,
mas os sentimentos ecoaram ao longo da direita, da esquerda e do
centro. Certamente a convicção de Bello de que o problema é com o
sistema de mercado reflete a visão de todo burocrata atualmente
regulando os mercados de capitais, e provavelmente de dois terços dos
professores universitários neste país.
O capitalismo precisa de uma consciência, diz Bush, porque do contrário
ele será consumido pela "ganância destrutiva" dos homens de negócios.
Greenspan concorda, acrescentando que quando essa ganância é
"infecciosa", ela desestabiliza os mercados. "Este capitalismo cowboy
precisa parar", acrescenta Maxine Waters, conclamando Bush e Greenspan
a aplicar a "consciência" regulatória para pôr de quarentena a
"ganância infecciosa".
Ainda assim, Bush não foi longe o suficiente, dizem as páginas
editoriais da nação. Ele deveria ter atacado "os males do capitalismo
em si mesmo", diz o San Francisco Chronicle, a mesma maneira
que Clinton atacou o racismo, mesmo quando ele emanava da Irmã Souljah.
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Lecture libéral du
capitalisme dirigée
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25 años de reformas económicas en China
1978-2003
Sebastián Claro - Estudios Públicos N° 91, 2003.
El año 2003 se cumple un cuarto de siglo de fundamentales
transformaciones económicas en China. En 25 años, China ha pasado de
ser una de las economías más cerradas y centralizadas del planeta a una
economía pujante con un rol cada vez más importante en el contexto
internacional. Este trabajo presenta una evaluación de las principales
reformas introducidas en 1978. Se discute el grado de avance de la
economía a una economía de mercado, y se evalúa la situación de las
áreas donde el atraso es evidente. A la luz de esto, se presenta un
análisis de las principales implicancias para la economía y su proceso
de transición de la entrada de China a la Organización Mundial de
Comercio el año 2001. Se concluye que los desafíos pendientes son muy
grandes, especialmente en lo referido a la subsistencia de las empresas
estatales y a la solidez del sistema financiero.
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