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The political economy of development
This academic site promotes excellence in teaching and researching economics and development, and the advancing of describing, understanding, explaining and theorizing.
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The Developmental StateThe state, civil society and development The neo-liberal state
Planning for Development: Structural Adjustment Programmes Editor: Róbinson Rojas Sandford

PUBLISHED JANUARY 2004
The SAPRI Report
The Policy Roots of Economic Crisis, Poverty and Inequality
Full Report --- Executive Summary
12 March 2004
SAPRIN Letter to the Financial Times
16 April 2004
SAPRIN Letter to President of the World Bank
April 2004
Investigation by Civil Society and World Bank Challenges Structural Adjustment Programs: Publication of the SAPRI Report Highlights Bank's Continued Inaction on Policy Findings


Structural Adjustment Participatory Review Initiative Network  (SAPRIN):
A devastating critique of structural adjustment policies in developing countries in both North and South. The most deeply researched, bottom-up study of its kind, covering a wide range of economic sectors. Undertaken with the World Bank and Southern governments.
Now available from Zed Books! (more information) --- Spanish edition available! (more information)

A Multi-Country Participatory Assessment of Structural Adjustment. Based on Results of the Joint World Bank/Civil Society/Government Structural Adjustment Participatory Review Initiative (SAPRI)
and the Citizens' Assessment of Structural Adjustment (CASA)


LAS POLÍTICAS DE AJUSTE ESTRUCTURAL EN LAS RAÍCES DE LA CRISIS ECONÓMICA Y LA POBREZA
Una Evaluación Participativa Multi-Nacional del Ajuste Estructural
Basado en los Resultados del Ejercicio Conjunto del Banco Mundial/Sociedad Civil/Gobiernos en la Iniciativa para la Revisisn Participativa de las Políticas de Ajuste Estructural (SAPRI) y la Evaluación Ciudadana del Ajuste Estructural (CASA)
Informe Completo --- Resumen Ejecutivo

SAPRI    NATIONAL and RESEARCH REPORTS

BANGLADESH  |  ECUADOR  |  EL SALVADOR  |  GHANA 
HUNGARY  |  MEXICO  |  PHILIPPINES  |  UGANDA  | ZIMBABWE

BANGLADESH
Initial Draft of the synthesis of SAPRI research, presented at the Second National Forum on 13-15 March 2001 in Dhaka
Bangladesh's Experience with Structural Adjustment: Learning from a Participatory Exercise

Background Papers prepared by researchers and presented at the Second National Forum on 13-15 March 2001 in Dhaka

Impact of Trade Policy Reforms on Industrial Capacity and Employment in Bangladesh
Implications of Financial Sector Reforms
Impact of Reforms in Agricultural Input Markets on Crop Sector Profitability in Bangladesh
Implications of Agricultural Policy Reforms on Rural Food Security and Poverty
Consequences of Structural Adjustment Policies on the Poor
Impact of Structural Adjustment Policies on Women
Impact of Structural Adjustment policies on the Environment in Bangladesh
Governance, Structural Adjustment & the State of Corruption in Bangladesh
**
Impact of Structural Adjustment Policies: An Assessment Using Participatory Techniques  

ECUADOR

Country Report: Ecuador
Informe de Pais: Ecuador

English summaries of research reports - March 2001
The Social and Economic Impacts of Structural Adjustment Policies in Ecuador 1982-1999: Executive Summary
The Social Impact of Basic Social Subsidies in Ecuador 1982-1999: Executive Summary 
Spanish summaries / resúmenes en español - enero 2001
Evaluación de los Impactos Económicos y Sociales de las Políticas de Ajuste Estructural en el Ecuador 1982-1999: Resumen Ejecutivo 
Impacto Social de la Política de Subsidios Sociales Básicos (1982-1999): Versión Resumida
Full reports in Spanish - January 2001 / informes completos en español - enero 2001
Evaluación de los Impactos Económicos y Sociales de las Políticas de Ajuste Estructural en el Ecuador 1982-1999: Informe Final  
Estudio "Impacto Social de la Política de Subsidios Sociales Básicos (1982-1999)"  

EL SALVADOR

Executive Summary in Spanish - July 2000 / Resumen Ejecutivo en español - julio 2000
El Impacto de los Programas de Ajuste Estructural y Estabilización Económica en El Salvador: Resumen Ejecutivo
English translation of Executive Summary
The Impact of Economic Stabilization and Structural Adjustment Programs in El Salvador: Executive Summary
Full report in Spanish - December 2000 / informe completo en español - diciembre 2000
El Impacto de los Programas de Ajuste Estructural y Estabilización Económica en El Salvador  
Spanish research summaries - March 2001 / Resúmenes en español - marzo 2001
La Liberalización del Sistema Financiero en El Salvador
La Privatización del Servicio de Energía Elictrica en El Salvador
La Flexibilización del Mercado Laboral en El Salvador
English translation of research summaries
The Liberalization of the Financial System in El Salvador
Privatization of Electricity Distribution in El Salvador

GHANA
Ghana Country Report - 25 August 2001
Draft research reports presented at the Second National Forum on 7-9 May 2001 in Accra
Trade Policy and Domestic Manufacturing in Ghana - draft report, April 2001  
Impact of SAP on Availability of and Access to Health Care - draft report, April 2001
Impact of SAP on Access to and Quality of Tertiary Education - draft report, April 2001
Impact of Mining Sector Investment in Ghana: A Study of the Tarkwa Mining Region - draft report, 20 January 2001

HUNGARY
Final Country Report, as agreed to by civil society, the government of Hungary and the World Bank - June 2001
Socio-Economic Impact of Structural Adjustment in Hungary

MEXICO

Executive Summary - March 2001
Ajuste y Empobrecimiento: Veinte Años de Crisis en México
Adjustment and Poverty: Twenty Years of Crisis in Mexico
Country Report - July 2001 (Spanish only)
¡ Cuanta Bondad ! Veinte Años de Ajuste Estructural en México

PHILIPPINES

Draft reports presented at the Second National Forum on 5-6 April 2001 in Manila
Country Report 
Introduction  
The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Labor in the Philippines 
The Impact of Structural Adjustment Programs on Food Security in the Philippines 
The Impact of Investment Liberalization and the Mining Act of 1995 on Indigenous Peoples, Upland Communities and the Rural Poor, and on the Environment 
The Impact of Budget-Related Structural Adjustment on Education and Health-Care Services in the Philippines

UGANDA
Uganda Country Report
Final research papers - September 2001
Impact of Liberalisation on Agriculture and Food Security in Uganda 1987-2000  
The Privatization Process and its Impact on Society
The Impact of Public-Expenditure Reform on Access to and Quality of Education and Health Care in Uganda
The Differences in Perceptions of Poverty

ZIMBABWE
Research reports presented at the Second National Forum on 9-10 April 2001 in Harare
Liberalisation of Agricultural Markets
Financial Sector Liberalization and the Poor: A Critical Appraisal 
The Impact of Public Expenditure Management under ESAP on Basic Social Services: Health and Education
Trade Liberalisation under Structural Economic Adjustment - Impact on Social Welfare in Zimbabwe
The Labour Market and Economic Development 1980-2000

OPENING NATIONAL FORA REPORTS 

Zimbabwe's Opening National SAPRI Forum - 2-3 September 1999
Mali's Opening National SAPRI Forum - 6-7 July 1999
The Philippines's Opening National CASA Forum - 12-13 July 1999
Ecuador's Opening National SAPRI Forum - 14-15 January 1999
Foro Nacional de Apertura de SAPRI en Ecuador - 14-15 enero 1999
Ghana's Opening National SAPRI Forum - 10-13 November 1998
Bangladesh's Opening National SAPRI Forum - 20-22 October 1998
Mexico's Opening National CASA Forum - 24-25 August 1998
El Salvador's Opening National SAPRI Forum - 27-28 August 1998
Uganda's Opening National SAPRI Forum - 18-19 June 1998
Hungary's Opening National SAPRI Forum - 6-7 June 1998

Róbinson Rojas: Fifteen years of monetarism in Latin America. Time to scream
Róbinson Rojas: The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
Róbinson Rojas 1997
Notes on Structural Adjustment Programmes
Since the late 1950s the International Monetary Fund have been imposing monetarism (neo-classical economic theory based economic policies) as a condition for lending money to less developed societies facing problems with their balance of payments. What makes of monetarist strategies a main issue for developing societies during the 1980s and the 1990s, is that the World Bank adopted as its main policy imposing monetarist economic policies on less developed countries. Therefore, since the late 1970s-1980s until today, not only the IMF but also the World Bank have been the champions for creating deregulated markets all over planet earth. Thus, poor countries had to apply the above policies if they needed to finance deficit on balance of payments and/or finance new projects for further economic and/or social development.

D. Dutta, 2002,
Effects of Globalisation on Employment and Poverty in Dualistic Economies: The Case of India
University of Sydney

Although it is too early to evaluate the long-run socio-economic effects of economic liberalisation and privatisation, along with the overall globalisation process, on a dualistic economy like India's, the paper will first examine the often-raised concern that these economic changes have, in general, led to the erosion of living standards of the poor; increase in regional disparities in terms of industrial benefits; deterioration or, at least, a sluggishness in employment generation; greater casualisation; feminisation and deskilling of the work-force; and growing uncertainty and hidden hardships associated with recent patterns of economic changes; etc. It then intends to look into the kind of ripple effect all these will cause in the unorganised segment of the Indian economy which includes major part of the agricultural sector, rural non-agricultural and urban informal sector activities.

R. Jha, 2002,
Rural Poverty in India: Structure, determinants and suggestions for policy reform

Poverty, particularly rural poverty, has been one of the enduring policy challenges in India. Surely the most important objective of the reforms process would have been to make a significant dent on rural poverty. It is from this that a program of accelerated growth must draw its rationale. In this paper, I discuss the evolution of poverty in India – particularly during the reform period. Then I analyze the structure and determinants of this poverty. The rate of decline of poverty declined during the 1990s as compared to the 1980s. I advance some reasons for this. Policy prescriptions for a more effective anti poverty strategy are discussed.



The World Bank Group acknowledges the dramatic social and economic damage caused by its economic policies (mainly structural adjustment programmes) imposed on developing societies in the last 30 years, and launches a new neo-liberal recipe called "development policy lending". Of course, being The World Bank Group the "visible hand" of the big international capital, its new development policy lending looks very much the same old wine in new bottles. Just a new name for Structural Adjustment Programmes. Below are the official press releases and papers by the World Bank Group
(Dr. Róbinson Rojas) (August 2004)

Aug 09, 2004
From Adjustment Lending to Development Policy Lending: An Evolution
Aug 09, 2004
Why Development Policy Lending’s Time Has Come

Aug 06, 2004
Development Policy Lending Replaces Adjustment Lending

Joint DFID-World Bank Roundtable “From adjustment lending to Development Policy Support Lending”, July 17 2002, London UK
Public consultation Meeting on the Revision of the World Bank’s Policy on Structural Adjustment Lending, 18 July 2002, London UK

Operations Policy and Country Services - World Bank
November 15, 2007

Conditionality in Development Policy Lending
...In the World Bank context and for the purposes of this paper, conditionality is defined as the set of conditions that, in line with para. 13 of the Bank’s Operational Policy (OP) 8.60, must be satisfied for the Bank to make disbursements in a development policy operation.  These conditions are (a) maintaining an adequate macroeconomic policy framework; (b) implementing the overall program in a manner satisfactory to the Bank; and (c) implementing the policy and institutional actions that are deemed critical for the implementation and expected results of the supported program. Only these conditions are included in the Bank’s Loan Agreements...

World Bank - Doc. 36772 - 7 July 2006
Development Policy Lending Retrospective
"...In the context of development policy lending, good practice suggests that the assessment should review the sustainability of external and fiscal balances, the contribution of the supported reform program and Bank financing to sound macroeconomic policies and growth, and the credit repayment risk associated with the operation." p. 21

MOFA - Japan - March 2005
Third Party Evaluation - Summary Report
Review of Adjustment Lending. Overview of Structural Adjustment Loans and Sector Adjustment Loans
Despite of slight changes in accordance with the needs in the times, the purposes of SALs have been to reduce imbalances of payments in a short term and to improve economic structure and fundamentals in the medium and long term. SALs were introduced with an assumption that these purposes will be achieved by a promotion of free trade, financial structure reform, public sector reform, and finance sector reform based on the system designed by neoclassical economics.

World Bank - 15 June 2001
Adjustment Lending Retrospective. Final Report
..."The Bank’s approach to adjustment lending also has been shaped by the concerns raised by the development community, which have centered around three themes that largely relate to the content and focus of the programs supported by adjustment lending rather than to the instrument itself. First, many critics of adjustment programs maintain that the social costs are high, even while they accept that the costs of not adjusting can also be high. Several studies point to specific country experiences, particularly in Africa, with such adverse effects as increasing unemployment, real wage reductions, and deteriorating social indicators. They also suggest that adjustment is often associated with growing inequalities, and that many adjustment programs have neglected the distributional consequences and non- income aspects of poverty. In particular, some studies find that adjustment programs have not taken adequate account of constraints on women’s ability to benefit from market opportunities. On the other hand, analyses by OED and the Bank’s research group, the Development Economics Group..."


A. Paloni and M. Zanardi - October 2005
University of Nottingham
Development Policy Lending, Conditionality and Ownership: a political economy model
Is the World Bank’s Development Policy Lending likely to enhance ownership and have greater effectiveness than structural adjustment? We specify a dynamic common agency model in which a government committed to reform faces domestic opposition from interest groups. The dynamic specification, which is original in the context of policy reforms supported by the International Financial Institutions (IFIs), is essential to allow the strength of special interest groups to arise endogenously during the reform process. We show that conditionality could alter the country’s political equilibrium and that the design of conditionality could have an impact on the effectiveness of conditionality by reducing domestic opposition to the reform programme. However, depending on country-specific circumstances, conditional assistance could lead to lower social welfare. Thus, for conditionality not to be inconsistent with ownership, its design must be appropriate to the country circumstances and directly affect the domestic political constraint. Unless the IFIs are prepared to design the content of conditionality according to recipient countries’ special characteristics, conditionality is likely to remain inconsistent with ownership.

Book Review Article
Development Policy Review, V8 I4,
May 1990, pp. 437-443
By M. Lipton
Requiem for Adjustment Lending?
The World Bank's own Report on Adjustment Lending frankly faces these failures, not just in Africa but also in heavely indebted countries, and in low-income countries as a whole. Hence the puzzle: if adjustment lending does not work, why does it flourish? (The argument that more of it, more fiercely implemented for a longer period, will do the trick sits oddly with the market-oriented view that success is measured by performance; anyway, such an argument has diminishing marginal credibility)



The IMF files:
IMF reports and publications arranged  by country

The Bretton Woods Project
The Bretton Woods Project works as a networker, information-provider, media informant and watchdog to scrutinise and influence the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Through briefings, reports and the bimonthly digest Bretton Woods Update, it monitors projects, policy reforms and the overall management of the Bretton Woods institutions with special emphasis on environmental and social concerns.
R. van der Hoeven: Poverty and Structural Adjustment. Tradeoffs between equity and growth
 
Structural Adjustment in a Changing World, Briefing paper, 1994, UNRISD
Acknowledgements
Summary
Introduction
What Adjustment Means
Adjustment as Stabilization: Adaptation to Crisis until the 1970s
From Stabilization to Free-Market Restructuring
The Debt Crisis
Structural Adjustment as Radical Experimentation in Free-Market Economics
Lessons From Economic Reform
The Social Cost of Recession and Restructuring
Pressure to Rethink the Free-Market Adjustment Model
Structural Adjustment and Institutional Reform
Crisis, Adjustment and Social Change
Multiple Coping Strategies, Weakened State Capacity and Fragmented Identities
Toward the Future: Issues and Options

Structural Adjustment, Global Integration and Social Democracy,
             Dharam Ghai, Discussion Paper No. 37, October 1992, UNRISD


J.J. Polak: The IMF Monetary Model -40 years
    IMF: Social Dimensions of the IMF's Policy Dialogue
C. Heredia/M.Purcell: Structural adjustment in Mexico
  P. Vergara: Structural adjustment in Chile
  ODI: Structural adjustment in Ghana
       J. Pender: Structural adjustment in Ghana
WHA: African development and structural adjustment
Structural Adjustment Programmes and Poverty Reduction
M. Ahmed, T. Lane, and M. Schulze Gattes, Refocusing IMF Conditionality, 2001
NIGERIA: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix, 2001
Nigeria Letter of Intent and Memorandum on Economic and Financial Policies of the Federal Government for 2000
Nigeria concludes 2001 Article IV consultation with Nigeria
Nigeria and the IMF
Côte d'Ivoire and the IMF
IMF: Country information
World Economic Outlook Database, December 2001
World Economic Outlook Databases
FROM ECLAC:
BRAZIL: structural reforms, macroeconomic fluctuations and income distribution
Indexes of structural reform in Latin America
COLOMBIA: Changes in the distribution of income and the new economic model

Economic development and the anatomy of crisis in Africa: from colonialism through structural adjustment
By H. Stein - 2000
Africa is mired in a developmental crisis, not the common narrow monetary or financial crisis portrayed in the standard literature but a crisis of a more profound and protracted nature. A developmental crisis refers to the generalized incapacity of an economy to generate the conditions necessary for a sustained improvement in the standard of living. The problem is basically structural in nature. The antecedents lay in the colonial period and in the inability of post-colonial governments to fundamentally transform the economies inherited at independence. While structural adjustment has exacerbated the underlying weaknesses of African economies, its greatest crime is located in its inherent inability to structurally and institutionally transform African economies. The major reason can be found in its roots that lie in neo-classical economic theory with its misplaced emphasis on balancing financial variables in a hypothetical axiomatic world. Adjustment is simply incapable of either assessing the nature of Africa’s problems or putting in place the policies that will put African countries on a trajectory of sustainable development. 1

OUR CONTINENT, OUR FUTURE
African Perspectives on Structural Adjustment

By Thandika Mkandawire and Charles C. Soludo
IDRC/CODESRIA/Africa World Press 1999
ISBN 0-88936-855-4
190 pp.
For decades now, the countries of sub-Saharan Africa have implemented the structural adjustment programs of the Bretton Woods Institutions. The results, however, have been less than sterling. Extreme poverty and underdevelopment continue to plague sub-Saharan Africa, and it is now generally agreed that a new approach is urgently required.

Our Continent, Our Future presents the emerging African perspective on this complex issue. The authors use as background their own extensive experience and a collection of 30 individual studies, 25 of which were from African economists, to summarize this African perspective and articulate a path for the future. They underscore the need to be sensitive to each country's unique history and current condition. They argue for a broader policy agenda and for a much more active role for the state within what is largely a market economy. Finally, they stress that Africa must, and can, compete in an increasingly globalized world and, perhaps most importantly, that Africans must assume the leading role in defining the continent's development agenda.

Our Continent, Our Future is the very first publication to present the African perspective on the Bretton Woods approach to structural adjustment, and it does so with the input and support of top economists and scholars from every corner of Africa. This important book should be read by students, professors, academics, and researchers in development, economics, and African studies; professionals in donor organizations around the world; policymakers in both the governmental and nongovernmental sectors; and all citizens concerned with the future of Africa and issues of sustainable and equitable development.


AFRICAN VOICES ON STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
A Companion to Our Continent, Our Future

Edited by Thandika Mkandawire and Charles C. Soludo

IDRC/CODESRIA/Africa World Press 2002
ISBN 0-88936-888-0
280 pp.
African Voices on Structural Adjustment presents 14 in-depth studies on the history and future of structural adjustment in Africa. Each study appraises the performance of structural adjustment policies (SAPs) with respect to a particular sector or issue. Each evaluates the compatibility of SAPs with the requirements for long-term development in Africa and, most importantly, each presents a truly African perspective. The contributors represent a outstanding collection of leading African economists and development experts.
This volume is intended as a companion to Our Continent, Our Future. It will appeal to students, professors, academics, and researchers in development, economics, and African studies; professionals in donor organizations around the world; and economic policymakers in both the governmental and nongovernmental sectors.


The Development Group for Alternative Policies -GAP-
---
Follow-Up on SAPRI Participation
Questions for Investigation 2006
International Parliamentarians' Petition 2005 Annual Report
February 2006
Expansion of the World Bank's Power to Impinge on the Economic Sovereignty of Borrower Nations
Memorandum - 2005
World Bank Courts NGOs As Wolfowitz Takes Helm
International Civil-Society Statement - 2005
World Bank Critics Denounce Civil Society Forum
Press Release - 2005
"Critical Mistakes in the Campaign to Support Debt Reduction"

Y. Fa
ll: Gender and social dimensiones of IMF policies in Senegal
------
Civil Society perspectives on IMF and World Bank Structural Adjustment policies
Conditioning Debt relief and Adjustment creates conditions for more debt
------
The all too visible hand: a five-country look at the long and destructive reach of the IMF
------
R. Hammond: The impact of IMF structural adjustment policies on Tanzanian agriculture
-------

Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo: Informe del Progreso Económico y social de América Latina, 1997
 
DE LA CEPAL:
Chile: La inversión en el sector agroindustrial chileno
Colombia: reformas estructurales, inversión y crecimiento: Colombia durante los años noventa
BRASIL: INVESTIMENTOS NA INDÚSTRIA DEPOIS DA ABERTURA E DO REAL: O MINI-CICLO DE MODERNIZAÇÕES, 1995-1997 
BOLIVIA: INVERSIÓN Y PRODUCTIVIDAD EN EL SECTOR AGRÍCOLA-AGROINDUSTRIAL: CASO DE LA AGRICULTURA COMERCIAL PERÍODO 1985-1998
BOLIVIA: LAS REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES  Y SU IMPACTO SOBRE INVERSIONES
ARGENTINA: LAS INVERSIONES EN LA INDUSTRIA EN LA DÉCADA DE LOS NOVENTA
ARGENTINA: DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL INGRESO

BOLIVIA: REFORMAS, POLÍTICAS SOCIALES Y EQUIDAD

COSTA RICA: REFORMAS ECONÓMICAS Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL INGRESO
CHILE: DISTRIBUCIÓN DE INGRESOS Y CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO
PERU: DESIGUALDAD DEL INGRESO Y DEL GASTO ANTES Y DESPUÉS DE LAS REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES
BOLIVIA: REFORMAS, CRECIMIENTO, PROGRESO TÉCNICO Y EMPLEO
CHILE: LAS REFORMAS LABORALES Y SU IMPACTO EN EL FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL MERCADO DE TRABAJO
CHILE: LA CAPACIDAD GENERADORA DE EMPLEO PRODUCTIVO DE LA ECONOMÍA
BRASIL: EMPREGO E PRODUCTIVIDADE NO BRASIL NA DÉCADA DE NOVENTA
MEXICO: EVOLUCIÓN RECIENTE DEL EMPLEO

ARGENTINA: EL MERCADO DE TRABAJO BAJO EL NUEVO RÉGIMEN ECONÓMICO EN ARGENTINA 

PERU: LA DINÁMICA DEL MERCADO DE TRABAJO ANTES Y DESPUÉS DE LAS REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES

COSTA RICA: REFORMAS ECONÓMICAS, SECTORES DINÁMICOS Y CALIDAD DE LOS EMPLEOS

PERU: LAS REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES DEL SECTOR ELÉCTRICO Y LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA INVERSIÓN 1992-2000

PERU: LAS REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES EN EL SECTOR MINERO Y LAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA INVERSIÓN 1992-2008

PERU: LA INVERSIÓN EN EL SECTOR PETROLERO EN EL PERÍODO 1993-2000

PERU: LA INVERSIÓN EN EL SECTOR DE TELECOMUNICACIONES EN EL PERÍODO 1994-2000
MÉXICO: INVERSIONES EN EL SECTOR AGUA, ALCANTARILLADO Y SANEAMIENTO
MEXICO: LAS CARRETERAS Y EL SISTEMA PORTUARIO FRENTE A LAS REFORMAS ECONÓMICAS
MÉXICO: IMPACTO DE LAS REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES EN LA FORMACIÓN DE CAPITAL DEL SECTOR PETROLERO
MEXICO: IMPACTO DE LA REFORMA ECONÓMICA SOBRE LAS INVERSIONES DE LA INDUSTRIA ELÉCTRICA: EL REGRESO DEL CAPITAL PRIVADO COMO PALANCA DE DESARROLLO 
MEXICO: EL CAMBIO ESTRUCTURAL DE LAS TELECOMUNICACIONES Y LA INVERSIÓN
BOLIVIA: INVERSIÓN Y PRODUCTIVIDAD EN LA INDUSTRIA  DE TELECOMUNICACIONES
BOLIVIA: INVERSIÓN Y PRODUCTIVIDAD EN LA INDUSTRIA DE LA ELECTRICIDAD
CAMBIOS ESTRUCTURALES Y EVOLUCIÓN DE LA PRODUCTIVIDAD LABORAL EN LA INDUSTRIA LATINOAMERICANA EN EL PERÍODO 1970-1996
REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES Y COMPORTAMIENTO TECNOLÓGICO: REFLEXIONES EN TORNO A LAS FUENTES Y NATURALEZA DEL CAMBIO TECNOLÓGICO EN AMÉRICA LATINA EN LOS AÑOS NOVENTA
 
LOS MERCADOS LABORALES EN AMÉRICA LATINA: SU EVOLUCIÓN EN EL LARGO PLAZO Y SUS TENDENCIAS RECIENTES
LOS RETOS DE LA INSTITUCIONALIDAD LABORAL EN EL MARCO DE LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DE LA MODALIDAD DE DESARROLLO EN AMÉRICA LATINA

ARGENTINA: DETERMINANTES DE LA INVERSIÓN EN TELECOMUNICACIONES

ARGENTINA: ALGUNOS DETERMINANTES DE LA INVERSIÓN EN SECTORES DE INFRAESTRUCTURA

ARGENTINA: DETERMINANTES DE LA INVERSIÓN EN EL SECTOR PETRÓLEO Y GAS

ARGENTINA: INVERSIONES EN INFRAESTRUCTURA VIAL

ARGENTINA: REGULACIÓN E INVERSIONES EN EL SECTOR ELÉCTRICO

CHILE: LAS REFORMAS DEL SECTOR TELECOMUNICACIONES Y EL COMPORTAMIENTO DE LA INVERSIÓN

CHILE: LAS INVERSIONES EN EL SECTOR MINERO 1980-2000

CHILE: LAS REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES Y LA INVERSIÓN PRIVADA EN ÁREAS DE INFRAESTRUCTURA

CHILE: LA GESTIÓN PRIVADA Y LA INVERSIÓN EN EL SECTOR ELÉCTRICO

-------------------------------
Le Monde Diplomatique: Ajustement Structurel
- Economic Growth
- Economic Literacy
- Economic Policies
- Economic Structuralism

- Inflation
- Informal sector - Informal economy
- Imperialism
- Import-Substitution Strategies
- Industrialization
- Inequality - Social exclusion
--- - Inequality, poverty, social exclusion and
----- corruption in U.S.A

--- - Inequality, poverty, and social exclusion in
----- Latin America

--- - Inequality, poverty, social exclusion and
-----corruption in China

--- - Spatial Inequality in Asia
- Institutions and Governance
- Peripheral capitalism
- Planning for Development
- Polarization
- Popular Unity
- Population
- Poverty
- PRPS - Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers
- Privatization
- Public Action
- The state, civil society and development
- State/Civil Society/Development
--- - The Developmental State
--- - The Neo-liberal State
--- - Development Planning
- Structural Adjustment programmes
- Structuralism, Economic
- Sustainable Development


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