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APPENDIX: FILLING A RESEARCH GAP Like many young dynamic industries, shrimp aquaculture raises a host of
problems. The industry itself, together with allied institutions, can be expected to
advance rapidly towards finding partial solutions to many of the technical, financial,
marketing and administrative problems that it is confronting, as it has been doing rather
successfully during the past few decades. The present research suggests, however, that the
industry is not likely to solve, or even devote substantial resources towards finding
solutions to, many of the broader social and environmental problems associated with its
continued growth. These involve power relations in the whole society, livelihood and
health issues for local residents, concerns about the future health of the planet's
natural environment, as well as the longer term economic sustainability of the industry.
These issues have to be confronted by critical research primarily supported by public
institutions and NGOs.[42] Until now, at least, these
problems have received insufficient attention.
The first priority indicated by this literature review is to initiate
selected case studies of the social and environmental implications of commercial shrimp
farm expansion and of the means for controlling it in developing countries. This research
should begin at the local level by examining several affected areas in each case study
country, and then move on to examine institutional linkages, constraints and opportunities
at sub-national, national and international levels. It should analyse the effects of
public policies and economic constraints and consider possible alternatives at all levels.
Case studies should be selected to represent what are considered to be
typical combinations of social and related environmental processes, policies and
institutions that are associated with commercial shrimp farm expansion. Different
ecological systems, social contexts and shrimp farming intensities should enter the
selection process. Case studies should initially be carried out in three or four Asian
countries. They should also include one or two countries each in Africa and Latin America
where commercial shrimp aquaculture is established or planned.
Researchers should seek to understand better the social and environmental
implications of export shrimp farming for diverse social groups and in different
ecological settings. Each case should be examined within its broader historical and social
context.[43] Particular attention should be given to
identifying vulnerable social groups and to drawing out a careful analysis of their
responses as well as those of the various social actors who are influential in policies
and institutions affecting coastal natural resource management. The analyses should
emphasize the implications at local levels of policies and programmes that have been
promoting the shrimp industry and the ones that have in the past and could in the near
future be considered and implemented for regulating it. The studies should also focus on
understanding the multiple impacts the industry has on diverse natural ecosystems. The
many dimensions of the social and environmental impacts of the shrimp industry, as well as
their institutional and policy implications, require an interdisciplinary approach
involving a collaboration among research partners with diverse specializations.
In summary, the case studies should deal with the political economy of
shrimp farming and environmental degradation in specific ecological, social and political
contexts. After gaining a better understanding of these dynamics in various specific
local, national and regional contexts, it should be feasible to make tentative
generalizations on the basis of comparative analyses of the case studies and other
information generated during the research effort. These conclusions would be useful for
administrators, planners and political leaders, educators and non-governmental
organizations. The research could contribute to efforts to prevent the expansion of the
industry in unsuitable social and environmental settings and to mitigate the adverse
social and environmental impacts of existing and projected installations.
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Footnotes
42. For example, Skladany argues: "The
concerted involvement of a relatively neutral international organization(s) which can
assert a more socially defined mode of aquaculture development may be required, so that
the benefits of such activities are available to a wider society..." (Skladany,
1992:35).
43. Case studies that do not carefully relate
outcomes to interacting social and natural systems of processes and structures tend to be
merely anecdotes.
44. All the above FAO/NACA draft reports are now
bound into a completed document: FAO/NACA Regional Workshop on the Environmental
Assessment and Management of Aquaculture Development, Bangkok, 1995. |
