World Resources 1996-97
(A joint publication by The World Resource Institute, The United
 Nations Environment Programme, The United Nations Development
 Programme, and the World Bank)
(Data edited by Dr. Róbinson Rojas)

6. City and Community: Toward Environmental Sustainability

References and Notes

1. Nick Devas and Carole Rakodi, "The Urban Challenge," in Managing Fast Growing Cities: New Approaches to Urban Planning and Management in the Developing World, Nick Devas and Carole Rakodi, eds. (Longman, Essex, U.K., and John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1993), pp. 31-33.

2. Ibid.

3. Carl Bartone et al., "Toward Environmental Strategies for Cities: Policy Considerations for Urban Environmental Management in Developing Countries," Urban Management Programme Policy Paper No. 18 (The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1994), pp. 33-34.

4. Jorge E. Hardoy, Diana Mitlin, and David Satterthwaite, Environmental Problems in Third World Cities (Earthscan, London, 1992), p. 213.

5. William Dillinger, "Decentralization and Its Implications for Urban Service Delivery," Urban Management Programme Discussion Paper No. 16 (The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1994), p. 8.

6. Nick Devas, "Evolving Approaches," in Managing Fast Growing Cities: New Approaches to Urban Planning and Management in the Developing World, Nick Devas and Carole Rakodi, eds. (Longman, Essex, U.K., and John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1993), p. 90.

7. Ibid., p. 91.

8. Op. cit. 5.

9. Op. cit. 5.

10. Op. cit. 5, p. 9.

11. Patricia McCarney, Mohamed Halfani, and Alfredo Rodriguez, "Towards an Understanding of Governance," in Urban Research in the Developing World, Volume Four: Perspectives on the City, Richard Stren and Judith Kjellberg Bell, eds. (Centre for Urban & Community Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, 1995), p. 122.

12. Op. cit. 5.

13. Op. cit. 4, pp. 163-164, 207.

14. Op. cit. 11.

15. Op. cit. 4, pp. 28-29, 213.

16. Op. cit. 11, p. 100.

17. Op. cit. 11, p. 104.

18. Op. cit. 4, p. 162.

19.Silvina Arrossi et al., Funding Community Initiatives (Earthscan, London, 1994), p. 23.

20. William Dillinger, "Urban Property Tax Reform: Guidelines and Recommendations," Urban Management Programme Tool No. 1 (The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1992), p. 38.

21. Op. cit. 5, p. 16.

22. Op. cit. 5, pp. 2-3.

23. Op. cit. 5, p. 19.

24. Miroo Desai Brewer, "Meeting the Needs of the Urban Poor: Financing Environmental Infrastructure and Services in Asian Cities," Master's thesis, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1995, pp. 22-26.

25. Op. cit. 20, p. 11.

26. Op. cit. 24, p. 24.

27. G. Shabbir Cheema, "The Challenge of Urban Management: Some Issues," in Urban Management: Policies and Innovations in Developing Countries, G. Shabbir Cheema, ed. (Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, and London, 1993), p. 7.

28. Op. cit. 5, pp. 26-27.

29. Op. cit. 24, pp. 45-70.

30. Ksemsan Suwarnarat and Watana Luanratana, "Waste Management and the Need for Public Participation in Bangkok," Regional Development Dialogue, Vol. 14, No. 3 (1993), pp. 68-69.

31. The exchange rate on February 13, 1996, was US$1.00 = 25.23 Baht.

32. Op. cit. 5, pp. 28-31.

33. Op. cit. 24, pp. 26-30.

34. Op. cit. 27, p. 8.

35. Op. cit. 3, pp. 49-51.

36. Op. cit. 27, p. 8.

37. Mike Douglass, Indira Dharmapatni, and Apradicio Laquin, Framework for the Urban Policy Action Plan: Repelita VI (Bappenas, Government of Indonesia, Jakarta, 1994).

38. Op. cit. 3, p. 50.

39. Op. cit. 3, p. 51.

40. Mike Douglass, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1996 (personal communication).

41. Op. cit. 6, p. 98.

42. Op. cit. 3, p. 56.

43. Op. cit. 3, p. 56.

44. Op. cit. 3, p. 57.

45. Exequiel Ezcurra and Marisa Mazari- Hiriart, "Are Mega-Cities Viable? A Cautionary Tale from Mexico City," Environment, Vol. 38, No. 1 (January/February 1996), p. 30.

46. Op. cit. 3, pp. 103-104.

47. International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI), "Community-Based Service Delivery: Quito, Ecuador," Case Study No. 21 (ICLEI, Toronto, Canada, 1994).

48. Jeb Brugmann, Secretary General, International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, Toronto, Canada, 1995 (personal communication).

49. Mike Douglass, "The Political Economy of Urban Poverty and Environmental Management in Asia: Access, Empowerment, and Community Based Alternatives," Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 4, No. 2 (October 1992), p. 13.

50. Op. cit. 6, p. 94.

51. Michael Douglass, "Urban Poverty in Asia: A Summary of Issues and Policy Recommendations," discussion paper (Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1995), p. 5.

52. Op. cit. 6, p. 94.

53. Op. cit. 49, p. 15.

54. Op. cit. 49, p. 15.

55. Op. cit. 4, p. 53.

56. Orathai Ard-am and Kusol Soonthorndhada, "Household Economy and Environmental Management in Bangkok: The Cases of Wat Chonglom and Yen-ar-kard," Asian Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 2, No. 1 (1994), pp. 37- 48.

57. Mike Douglass and Malia Zoghlin, "Sustaining Cities at the Grassroots: Livelihood, Environment and Social Networks in Suan Phlu, Bangkok," Third World Planning Review, Vol. 16, No. 2 (1994), pp. 171-200.

58. Janice E. Perlman, "Mega-Cities: Global Urbanization and Innovation," in Urban Management: Policies and Innovations in Developing Countries, G. Shabbir Cheema, ed. (Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, and London, 1993), pp. 47-48.

59. John Friedmann, Empowerment: The Politics of Alternative Development (Blackwell, Cambridge and Oxford, U.K., 1992), pp. 43-45, 49-51, 96-101.

60. Op. cit. 27, p. 12.

61. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Urban Poverty Alleviation," Sectoral Policy Document of Development Cooperation No. 5 (Minister for Development Cooperation, The Hague, Netherlands, 1994), p. 41.

62. Michael Yhdego, "Scavenging Solid Wastes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania," Waste Management Research, Vol. 9 (1991), p. 263.

63. Op. cit. 49, pp. 13-14.

64. United Nations (U.N.) Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, State of Urbanization in Asia and the Pacific 1993 (U.N., New York, 1993), pp. 4- 17-4-21.

65. Op. cit. 59.

66. The Mega-Cities Project and the Center for Urban and Regional Studies with The Foundation on Contemporary Studies, "The PAIS Plan: Food, Organization and Self- Employment for the Poor: Buenos Aires," Urban Environment-Poverty Case Study Series (Mega- Cities Project, New York, 1994), p. 10.

67. Ibid., p. 12.

68. Op. cit. 49, p. 23.

69. Hasan Poerbo, "Urban Solid Waste Management in Bandung: Towards an Integrated Resource Recovery System," Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 3, No. 1 (April 1991), pp. 60-69.

70. The Mega-Cities Project and Environmental Quality International, "Zabbaleen Environmental and Development Program: Cairo," Urban Environment-Poverty Case Study Series (Mega-Cities Project, New York, 1994), pp. 1-42.

71. Op. cit. 58, p. 47.

72. Yok-shiu F. Lee, "Community-Based Urban Environmental Management: Local NGOs as Catalysts," Regional Development Dialogue, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Autumn 1994), p. 158.

73. Joel Audefroy, "Eviction Trends Worldwide--and the Role of Local Authorities in Implementing the Right to Housing," Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 6, No. 1 (April 1994), pp. 10-16.

74. Beatriz Cuenya et al., "Land Invasions and Grassroots Organization: The Quilmes Settlements in Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina," Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 1, No. 2 (October 1990), pp. 61-73.

75. Michael Mattingly, "Urban Management Intervention in Land Markets," in Managing Fast Growing Cities: New Approaches to Urban Planning and Management in the Developing World, Nick Devas and Carole Rakodi, eds. (Longman, Essex, U.K., and John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1993), p. 108.

76. Yok-shiu F. Lee, "Urban Planning and Vector Control in Southeast Asian Cities," Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Science, Vol. 10 (1994), pp. S45-S46.

77. U.S. Agency for International Development (U.S. AID), Regularizing the Informal Land Development Process, Vol. 2: Discussion Papers (U.S. AID, Washington, D.C., 1991), p. ix.

78. Caroline O.N. Moser, Gender Planning and Development: Theory, Practice & Training (Routledge, London and New York, 1993), pp. 15-36.

79. Judith Kjellberg Bell, "Women, Environment and Urbanization: A Guide to the Literature," Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 3, No. 2 (October 1991), pp. 92-103.

80. Pamela L. Sayne, "Food for Thought: Making Women Visible," Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 3, No. 2 (October 1991), p. 47.

81. United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW), "Women, Water and Sanitation," in Women and the Environment: A Reader, Sally Sontheimer, ed. (Monthly Review Press, New York, 1991), p. 123.

82. African Housing Fund, "African Housing Fund Progress Report for Project KE-003: Kayole Soweto, July 1992-June 1993" (African Housing Fund, Nairobi, Kenya, 1993), pp. 2-39.

83. Rebecca Katumba, "A New Life for the Squatters of Soweto," Community Builders Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 2 (African Housing Fund, Nairobi, Kenya, 1990), pp. 6-8.

84. Op. cit. 82.

85. Kamala Dhungel, "Women in Environment Implement a Squatter Settlement Improvement Project," in Partners in Life: Proceedings of the Global Assembly of Women and the Environment, November 4-8, 1991, Miami, Florida, Waafas Ofusu-Amaah and Wendy Phileo, eds. (WorldWIDE Network in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme, Washington, D.C., 1992), p. 127.

86. Ann Schlyter, Women Householders and Housing Strategies: The Case of Harare, Zimbabwe, Research Report SB:26 (The National Swedish Institute for Building Research, Stockholm, Sweden, 1992).

87. Ann H. May and David K. May, "Community Planning in Developing Nations: Land Use Planning, User Participation, and Appropriate Technologies," in Shelter, Women and Development: First and Third World Perspectives, Hemalata C. Dandekar, ed. (George Wahr Publishing Co., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1993), pp. 208-214.

88. Ana Falu and Mirina Curutchet, "Rehousing the Urban Poor: Looking at Women First," Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 3, No. 2 (October 1991), pp. 23-38.

89. Op. cit. 57, pp. 186-189.

90. Eugenia Castro, Elvia Flores, and Gustavo Romero, "Plan Urbano Ecologico San Miguel Teotongo," in Taller de Experiencias en Procesos Participativos de Problemas Urbanos y Ambientales (Cuaderno de Trabajo, Mexico, January 1994).

91. Ibid.

92. Op. cit. 57, pp. 186-189.

93. Op. cit. 72.

94. Op. cit. 4, pp. 146-151, 209-211.

95. Op. cit. 72, pp. 165-167.

96. Theresa A. Kilbane, Country Director, Cooperative Housing Foundation-Honduras, speech given at Cooperative Housing Foundation, Worldwide Conference 1995, May 23-25, 1995, Washington, D.C.

97. Josef Leitmann, "Rapid Urban Environmental Assessment: Lessons from Cities in the Developing World, Vol. 1: Methodology and Preliminary Findings," Urban Management Programme Discussion Paper No. 14 (The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1993), pp. 32-35.

98. Steve Lerner, "Brave New City? Chattanooga, Belle of the - Sustainable Communities' Ball," The Amicus Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Spring 1995), pp. 22-28.

99. Op. cit. 4, pp. 171-201.

100. Rodney White and Joseph Whitney, "Cities and the Environment: An Overview," in Sustainable Cities: Urbanization and the Environment in International Perspective, Richard Stren, Rodney White, and Joseph Whitney, eds. (Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1992), pp. 8-51.

101. Op. cit. 4, p. 172.

102. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K., 1987), p. 8.

103. Op. cit. 4, p. 171.

104. Op. cit. 4, p. 189.

Table of contents
Introduction Section 1  Section 2 Section 3 Section 4