State of the World's Children 1998
Carol Bellamy, Executive Director, United Nations Children's Fund
CHAPTER II
Statistical tables
1 Basic indicators
2 Nutrition
3 Health
4 Education
5 Demographic indicators
6 Economic indicators
7 Women
8 The rate of progress
Measuring human development
Regional summaries country list
Statistics, vital indicators of the care, nurture and
resources that children receive in their communities and
countries, help chart progress towards the goals set at the
1990 World Summit for Children. The eight tables in this
report have been expanded to give the broadest possible
coverage of important basic indicators for nutrition, health,
education, demographics, economic indicators and the
situation of women, plus rates of progress and regional
summaries. They also include complete data, as available, on
less populous countries, covering 193 countries in all,
listed alphabetically. Countries are shown on page 93 in
descending order of their estimated 1996 under-five mortality
rates, which is also the first basic indicator in table 1.
Panels
1 Vitamin A supplements save pregnant women's lives
2 What is malnutrition?
3 Stunting linked to impaired intellectual development
4 Recognizing the right to nutrition
5 Growth and sanitation: What can we learn from chickens?
6 Breastmilk and transmission of HIV
7 High-energy biscuits for mothers boost infant survival by
50 per cent
8 UNICEF and the World Food Programme
9 Triple A takes hold in Oman
10 Celebrating gains in children's health in Brazil
11 Rewriting Elias's story in Mbeya
12 Women in Niger take the lead against malnutrition
13 BFHI: Breastfeeding breakthroughs
14 Tackling malnutrition in Bangladesh
15 Kiwanis mobilize to end iodine deficiency's deadly toll
16 Indonesia makes strides against vitamin A deficiency
17 Making food enrichment programmes sustainable
18 Zinc and vitamin A: Taking the sting out of malaria
19 Protecting nutrition in crises
20 Progress against worms for pennies
21 Child nutrition a priority for the new South Africa
Spotlights
Ten steps to successful breastfeeding
Vitamin A
Zinc
Iron
Iodine
Folate
Text figures
Fig.1 Malnutrition and child mortality
Fig.2 Trends in child malnutrition, by region
Fig.3 From good nutrition to greater productivity and beyond
Fig.4 Poverty and malnutrition in Latin America and the
Caribbean
Fig.5 Causes of child malnutrition
Fig.6 Inadequate dietary intake/disease cycle
Fig.7 Intergenerational cycle of growth failure
Fig.8 Better nutrition through triple A
Fig.9 Iodine deficiency disorders and salt iodization
Fig.10 Progress in vitamin A supplementation programmes
Fig.11 Measles deaths and vitamin A supplementation
Fig.12 Zinc supplementation and child growth (Ecuador, 1986)
Fig.13 Maternal height and Caesarean delivery (Guatemala,
1984-1986)
References
Glossary
Press Kit
Summary: Malnutrition: Causes, consequences and solutions
Fact Sheet: Summing up malnutrition's shame
Fact Sheet: Malnutrition: Causes
Fact Sheet: Micronutrients
Feature: Child malnutrition and women's rights
Feature: In Burundi camps, the spetre of malnutrition looms
Feature: Malnutrition in industrialized countries
The state of the world's children 1998 - Chapter II
Statistical tables
Economic and social statistics on the nations of the world,
with particular reference to children's well-being.
General note on the data
Explanation of symbols
Under-five mortality rankings
Regional summaries country list
Glossary
Tables
1 Basic indicators
2 Nutrition
3 Health
4 Education
5 Demographic indicators
6 Economic indicators
7 Women
8 The rate of progress
Regional Summaries Country List
* * * *
General note on the data
Four major changes have been made to the statistical tables
in The State of the World's Children 1998 report.
First, the less populous countries, which were previously
presented in a separate table, have been merged into the main
tables. Each of the eight tables now lists 193 countries.
Second, only independent, sovereign countries are listed;
these include all countries that are members of the United
Nations and all countries that have ratified the Convention
on the Rights of the Child.
Third, countries are now listed alphabetically in each table
rather than in descending order of their under-five mortality
rate (U5MR). However, because this rate is a crucial
indicator, countries ranked in order of their U5MR are listed
on the page opposite this note. Every table also includes a
column providing the U5MR rank of each country. The index to
countries, which appeared before table 1 in previous reports,
has been eliminated.
Fourth, the regional summary for each table now appears with
its relevant table.
The data presented in these tables are accompanied by
definitions, sources and explanations of symbols. The tables
are derived from many sources and thus will inevitably
contain a wide range of data quality. Official government
data received by the responsible United Nations agency have
been used whenever possible. In the many cases where there
are no reliable official figures, estimates made by the
responsible United Nations agency have been used. Where such
internationally standardized estimates do not exist, the
tables draw on other sources, particularly data received from
the appropriate UNICEF field office. Where possible, only
comprehensive or representative national data have been used.
Data quality is likely to be adversely affected for
countries that have recently suffered from man-made or
natural disasters. This is particularly so where basic
country infrastructure has been fragmented or major
population movements have occurred.
Data for life expectancy, total fertility rate, crude birth
and death rates, etc. are part of the regular work on
estimates and projections undertaken by the United Nations
Population Division. These and other internationally produced
estimates are revised periodically, which explains why some
of the data will differ from those found in earlier UNICEF
publications.
In addition, the statistical tables in the present report
contain new data from recent Multiple Indicator Cluster
Surveys. These surveys were carried out in 1995 and 1996 by
more than 60 countries worldwide as a means of assessing the
progress made for children in the context of the goals of the
World Summit for Children.
Two new indicators have also been introduced. 'Per cent of
routine EPI vaccines financed by government', the first of
these new indicators, appears in table 3. This indicator
reflects a country's capacity to immunize children as an
integral part of its health care system. It replaces the
previous indicator entitled 'per cent of population with
access to health services', which although of interest to
many has been eliminated because of the poor quality of the
data.
'Per cent of population below $1 per day', the second new
indicator, can be found in table 6. This indicator is now
used by the World Bank and is a more explicit monetary
measure of international poverty than the indicator it
replaces. Previous reports defined absolute poverty as the
income level below which a minimum nutritionally adequate
diet, plus essential non-food requirements, was not
affordable.
Explanation of symbols
Since the aim of this statistics chapter is to provide a
broad picture of the situation of children and women
worldwide, detailed data qualifications and footnotes are
seen as more appropriate for inclusion elsewhere. Only three
symbols are used to classify the table data.
- Indicates data are not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in the column heading, differ from the
standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.
y Indicates that survey data were used for estimating net
primary school enrolment (in table 4 only).
* * * *
Under-five mortality rankings
The following list ranks countries in descending order of
their estimated 1996 under-five mortality rate (U5MR).
Countries are listed alphabetically in the Basic indicator
tables.
Country U5MR U5MR
rank rank
Niger 320 1
Angola 292 2
Sierra Leone 284 3
Afghanistan 257 4
Liberia 235 5
Guinea-Bissau 223 6
Mali 220 7
Malawi 217 8
Mozambique 214 9
Somalia 211 10
Guinea 210 11
Congo, Dem. Rep. 207 12
Zambia 202 13
Nigeria 191 14
Mauritania 183 15
Ethiopia 177 16
Burundi 176 17
Equatorial Guinea 173 18
Cambodia 170 19
Rwanda 170 19
Central African Rep. 164 21
Madagascar 164 21
Burkina Faso 158 23
Djibouti 157 24
C“te d'Ivoire 150 25
Myanmar 150 25
Chad 149 27
Gabon 145 28
Tanzania 144 29
Uganda 141 30
Benin 140 31
Lesotho 139 32
Pakistan 136 33
Haiti 134 34
Lao People's Dem. Rep 128 35
Bhutan 127 36
Senegal 127 36
Togo 125 38
Comoros 122 39
Iraq 122 39
Eritrea 120 41
Nepal 116 42
Sudan 116 42
Bangladesh 112 44
Papua New Guinea 112 44
India 111 46
Ghana 110 47
Congo 108 48
Gambia 107 49
Yemen 105 50
Bolivia 102 51
Cameroon 102 51
Swaziland 97 53
Marshall Islands 92 54
Kenya 90 55
Guyana 83 56
Sao Tome and Principe 80 57
Egypt 78 58
Turkmenistan 78 58
Namibia 77 60
Kiribati 76 61
Maldives 76 61
Tajikistan 76 61
Morocco 74 64
Cape Verde 73 65
Zimbabwe 73 65
Indonesia 71 67
Mongolia 71 67
South Africa 66 69
Libya 61 70
Uzbekistan 60 71
Peru 58 72
Nicaragua 57 73
Dominican Rep. 56 74
Guatemala 56 74
Tuvalu 56 74
Samoa 53 77
Vanuatu 53 77
Brazil 52 79
Botswana 50 80
Kyrgyzstan 50 80
China 47 82
Turkey 47 82
Kazakstan 45 84
Azerbaijan 44 85
Belize 44 85
Viet Nam 44 85
Albania 40 88
Ecuador 40 88
El Salvador 40 88
Lebanon 40 88
Algeria 39 92
Philippines 38 93
Saint Kitts and Nevis 38 93
Thailand 38 93
Iran 37 96
Honduras 35 97
Palau 35 97
Tunisia 35 97
Paraguay 34 100
Syria 34 100
Mexico 32 102
Moldova, Rep. of 32 102
Colombia 31 104
Grenada 31 104
Nauru 31 104
Suriname 31 104
Armenia 30 108
Cook Islands 30 108
Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 30 108
Saudi Arabia 30 108
TFYR Macedonia 30 108
Georgia 29 113
Solomon Islands 29 113
Venezuela 28 115
Micronesia,Fed.States of 27 116
Argentina 25 117
Jordan 25 117
Romania 25 117
Russian Federation 25 117
Fiji 24 121
Ukraine 24 121
Bahamas 23 123
Mauritius 23 123
Saint Vincent/Grenadines 23 123
Tonga 23 123
Antigua and Barbuda 22 127
Bahrain 22 127
Saint Lucia 22 127
Uruguay 22 127
Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 22 127
Qatar 21 132
Dominica 20 133
Latvia 20 133
Panama 20 133
Bulgaria 19 136
Seychelles 19 136
Sri Lanka 19 136
Belarus 18 139
Lithuania 18 139
Oman 18 139
United Arab Emirates 18 139
Bosnia and Herzegovina 17 143
Trinidad and Tobago 17 143
Estonia 16 145
Costa Rica 15 146
Kuwait 14 147
Poland 14 147
Chile 13 149
Malaysia 13 149
San Marino 13 149
Barbados 12 152
Hungary 12 152
Brunei Darussalam 11 154
Croatia 11 154
Jamaica 11 154
Malta 11 154
Slovakia 11 154
Cuba 10 159
Cyprus 10 159
Greece 9 161
Israel 9 161
United States 8 163
Belgium 7 164
Canada 7 164
Czech Rep. 7 164
Ireland 7 164
Italy 7 164
Korea, Rep. of 7 164
Liechtenstein 7 164
Luxembourg 7 164
New Zealand 7 164
Portugal 7 164
United Kingdom 7 164
Andorra 6 175
Australia 6 175
Austria 6 175
Denmark 6 175
France 6 175
Germany 6 175
Japan 6 175
Monaco 6 175
Netherlands 6 175
Norway 6 175
Slovenia 6 175
Iceland 5 186
Spain 5 186
Switzerland 5 186
Finland 4 189
Singapore 4 189
Sweden 4 189
Holy See no data
Niue no data
* * * *
Table 1: Basic indicators
% share
Infant Annual Primary of household
Under-5 mortality Annual no. of Life Total school income
mortality rate Total no. of under-5 GNP expectancy adult enrolment 1990-96
rate (under 1) population births deaths per capita at birth literacy ratio
(thousands) (thousands) (thousands) (US$) (years) rate (gross) lowest highest
U5MR 1960 1996 1960 1996 1996 1996 1996 1995 1996 1995 1990-95 40% 20%
rank
Afghanistan 4 360 257 215 165 20883 1127 290 250x 45 32 48 - -
Albania 88 151 40 112 34 3401 75 3 670 71 - 98 - -
Algeria 92 255 39 152 34 28784 857 33 1600 68 62 105 18x 46x
Andorra 175 - 6 - 5 71 1 0 c - - - - -
Angola 2 345 292 208 170 11185 546 159 410 47 42x 88 - -
Antigua and Barbuda 127 - 22 - 18 66 1 0 6980x 75 95x 100x - -
Argentina 117 72 25 60 22 35219 709 18 8030 73 96 111 - -
Armenia 108 48 30 38 25 3638 50 2 730 71 100 90 - -
Australia 175 24 6 20 6 18057 262 2 18720 78 - 107 16x 42x
Austria 175 43 6 37 5 8106 86 0 26890 77 - 103 - -
Azerbaijan 85 75 44 55 34 7594 154 7 480 71 100 117 - -
Bahamas 123 68 23 51 19 284 5 0 11940 73 98 97 - -
Bahrain 127 203 22 130 18 570 12 0 7840 73 85 111 - -
Bangladesh 44 247 112 151 83 120073 3186 357 240 57 38 79 23 38
Barbados 152 90 12 74 11 261 3 0 6560 76 97 90 - -
Belarus 139 47 18 37 14 10348 106 2 2070 70 99 97 26 33
Belgium 164 35 7 31 6 10159 115 1 24710 77 - 99 22x 36x
Belize 85 104 44 74 36 219 7 0 2630 74 80x 111 - -
Benin 31 310 140 184 84 5563 238 33 370 54 37 72 - -
Bhutan 36 300 127 175 90 1812 76 10 420 52 42 25x - -
Bolivia 51 252 102 152 71 7593 258 26 800 61 83 95 15 48
Bosnia and Herzegovi 143 155 17 105 15 3628 43 1 a 73 - - - -
Botswana 80 170 50 117 40 1484 52 3 3020 52 70 115 11x 59x
Brazil 79 177 52 115 44 161087 3211 167 3640 67 83 114 7x 68x
Brunei Darussalam 154 87 11 63 9 300 6 0 25160 75 88 109 - -
Bulgaria 136 70 19 49 16 8468 86 2 1330 71 98 86 21 39
Burkina Faso 23 318 158 183 82 10780 501 79 230 46 19 39 - -
Burundi 17 255 176 151 106 6221 272 48 160 46 35 69 - -
Cambodia 19 217 170 146 108 10273 360 61 270 53 65x 118 - -
Cameroon 51 264 102 156 63 13560 539 55 650 56 63 89 - -
Canada 164 33 7 28 6 29680 367 2 19380 79 97x 103 18x 40x
Cape Verde 65 164 73 110 54 396 12 1 960 66 72 131 - -
Central African Rep. 21 343 164 195 103 3344 127 21 340 49 60 71x - -
Chad 27 325 149 195 92 6515 275 41 180 47 48 55 - -
Chile 149 138 13 107 11 14421 294 4 4160 75 95 99 10 61
China 82 209 47 140 38 1232083 20712 973 620 69 82 118 15 48
Colombia 104 130 31 82 26 36444 878 27 1910 71 91 121 11 56
Comoros 39 248 122 165 83 632 26 3 470 57 57 75 - -
Congo 48 220 108 143 81 2668 115 12 680 51 75 - - -
Congo, Dem. Rep. 12 302 207 175 128 46812 2135 442 120 53 77 68 - -
Cook Islands 108 - 30 - 26 19 0 0 1550x - 99x 98 - -
Costa Rica 146 112 15 80 13 3500 86 1 2610 77 95 106 13x 51x
Côte d'Ivoire 25 300 150 195 90 14015 523 78 660 51 40 68 18x 44x
Croatia 154 98 11 70 10 4501 48 1 3250 72 98 86 - -
Cuba 159 54 10 39 10 11018 149 2 1170x 76 96 104 - -
Cyprus 159 36 10 30 9 756 12 0 10260x 77 94x 100 - -
Czech Rep. 164 25 7 22 6 10251 111 1 3870 73 - 100 24 37
Denmark 175 25 6 22 6 5237 68 0 29890 75 - 99 17x 39x
Djibouti 24 289 157 186 112 617 24 4 780x 50 46 38 - -
Dominica 133 - 20 - 17 71 2 0 2990 73 - - - -
Dominican Rep. 74 149 56 102 45 7961 198 11 1460 71 82 103 12x 56x
Ecuador 88 180 40 115 31 11699 309 12 1390 70 90 123 14 53
Egypt 58 282 78 189 57 63271 1690 132 790 65 51 98 21 41
El Salvador 88 210 40 130 34 5796 166 7 1610 69 72 79 - -
Equatorial Guinea 18 316 173 188 111 410 17 3 380 49 79 149x - -
Eritrea 41 250 120 170 78 3280 135 16 100x 50 - 49 - -
Estonia 145 52 16 40 13 1471 13 0 2860 69 98 101 17 46
Ethiopia 16 280 177 175 113 58243 2856 506 100 49 36 27 21x 41x
Fiji 121 97 24 71 20 797 18 0 2440 72 92 128 - -
Finland 189 28 4 22 4 5126 62 0 20580 76 - 100 18x 38x
France 175 34 6 29 5 58333 692 4 24990 79 - 105 17x 42x
Gabon 28 287 145 171 87 1106 41 6 3490 55 63 - - -
Gambia 49 375 107 213 78 1141 46 5 320 46 39 67 - -
Georgia 113 70 29 52 23 5442 77 2 440 73 99 82 - -
Germany 175 40 6 34 5 81922 774 4 27510 76 - 97 19x 40x
Ghana 47 213 110 126 70 17832 692 76 390 57 65 76 20 42
Greece 161 64 9 53 8 10490 104 1 8210 78 97 95 - -
Grenada 104 - 31 - 25 92 2 0 2980 - 96x 88x - -
Guatemala 74 204 56 140 43 10928 405 23 1340 66 56 84 8x 63x
Guinea 11 380 210 215 130 7518 359 75 550 46 36 46 11 50
Guinea-Bissau 6 336 223 200 132 1091 44 10 250 44 55 60x 9 59
Guyana 56 126 83 100 60 838 19 2 590 64 98 112x - -
Haiti 34 260 134 170 94 7259 250 34 250 54 45 56 - -
Holy See - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - -
Honduras 97 204 35 137 29 5816 201 7 600 69 73 112 11 57
Hungary 152 57 12 51 11 10049 104 1 4120 69 99 97 24 37
Iceland 186 22 5 17 5 271 4 0 24950 79 - 98 - -
India 46 236 111 144 73 944580 24381 2706 340 62 52 102 21 43
Indonesia 67 216 71 127 47 200453 4732 336 980 64 84 115 21 41
Iran 96 233 37 145 33 69975 2446 91 1033x 69 69 101 - -
Iraq 39 171 122 117 94 20607 770 94 1036x 61 58 91 - -
Ireland 164 36 7 31 6 3554 46 0 14710 76 - 104 - -
Israel 161 39 9 32 8 5664 115 1 15920 77 95x 95 18x 40x
Italy 164 50 7 44 6 57226 528 4 19020 78 98 98 19x 41x
Jamaica 154 76 11 58 10 2491 56 1 1510 74 85 109 16 48
Japan 175 40 6 31 4 125351 1281 8 39640 80 - 102 22x 38x
Jordan 117 139 25 97 21 5581 211 5 1510 69 87 94 16 50
Kazakstan 84 74 45 55 38 16820 312 14 1330 68 100 87 20 40
Kenya 55 202 90 120 61 27799 1027 92 280 54 78 91 10 62
Kiribati 61 - 76 - 56 80 2 0 920 58 93x 91 - -
Korea, Dem. People's 108 120 30 85 23 22466 493 15 970x 72 - 104x - -
Korea, Rep. of 164 127 7 90 6 45314 688 5 9700 72 98 95 20x 42x
Kuwait 147 128 14 89 13 1687 40 1 17390 76 79 69 - -
Kyrgyzstan 80 115 50 80 39 4469 117 6 700 68 97 111 10 57
Lao People's Dem. Re 35 235 128 155 102 5035 227 29 350 53 57 107 23 40
Latvia 133 44 20 35 16 2504 25 1 2270 68 100 83 23 37
Lebanon 88 85 40 65 33 3084 76 3 2660 69 92 112 - -
Lesotho 32 203 139 137 96 2078 74 10 770 58 71 99 9x 60x
Liberia 5 288 235 190 157 2245 121 28 490x 48 38 35x - -
Libya 70 269 61 160 50 5593 227 14 5540x 65 76 110 - -
Liechtenstein 164 - 7 - 6 31 0 0 c - 100x - - -
Lithuania 139 70 18 52 14 3728 41 1 1900 70 99 96 20 42
Luxembourg 164 41 7 33 7 412 5 0 41210 76 - 91 - -
Madagascar 21 364 164 219 100 15353 643 105 230 58 46 73 16 50
Malawi 8 365 217 206 137 9845 487 106 170 41 56 120 - -
Malaysia 149 105 13 73 11 20581 539 7 3890 72 84 93 13x 54x
Maldives 61 258 76 158 54 263 11 1 990 64 93 134 - -
Mali 7 500 220 285 134 11134 539 119 250 47 31 32 - -
Malta 154 42 11 37 10 369 5 0 7910x 77 91 108 - -
Marshall Islands 54 - 92 - 63 57 2 0 1680x - 91x 95 - -
Mauritania 15 330 183 175 124 2333 90 16 460 53 38 74 14x 47x
Mauritius 123 84 23 62 20 1129 22 1 3380 71 83 106 - -
Mexico 102 148 32 103 27 92718 2351 75 3320 72 90 111 12 55
Micronesia, Fed. Sta 116 - 27 - 21 126 4 0 2010 - 81x 100 - -
Moldova, Rep. of 102 88 32 64 26 4444 61 2 920 68 99 94 19 42
Monaco 175 - 6 - 5 32 0 0 c - - - - -
Mongolia 67 185 71 128 55 2515 70 5 310 65 83 84 - -
Morocco 64 220 74 135 64 27021 714 53 1110 66 44 80 17 46
Mozambique 9 280 214 163 133 17796 763 163 80 47 40 65 - -
Myanmar 25 237 150 158 105 45922 1276 191 220x 59 83 100 - -
Namibia 60 206 77 129 60 1575 57 4 2000 56 76x 137 - -
Nauru 104 - 31 - 25 11 0 0 - - - - - -
Nepal 42 315 116 212 82 22021 822 95 200 56 28 109 19 45
Netherlands 175 22 6 18 5 15575 190 1 24000 78 - 97 21x 37x
New Zealand 164 26 7 22 7 3602 56 0 14340 77 - 102 16x 45x
Nicaragua 73 209 57 140 44 4238 145 8 380 68 66 104 12 55
Niger 1 320 320 191 191 9465 484 155 220 48 14 30 19 44
Nigeria 14 204 191 122 114 115020 4975 950 260 52 57 89 13 49
Niue - - - - - 2 0 - - - 99x - - -
Norway 175 23 6 19 5 4348 59 0 31250 77 - 99 19x 37x
Oman 139 280 18 164 15 2302 102 2 4820 70 59x 83 - -
Pakistan 33 226 136 139 95 139973 5207 708 460 63 38 69 21 40
Palau 97 - 35 - 25 17 1 0 790x - 98x 103 - -
Panama 133 104 20 67 18 2677 62 1 2750 74 91 106 8x 60x
Papua New Guinea 44 204 112 137 79 4400 144 16 1160 57 72 82 - -
Paraguay 100 90 34 66 28 4957 158 5 1690 69 92 109 - -
Peru 72 234 58 142 45 23944 615 36 2310 68 89 123 14 50
Philippines 93 107 38 77 32 69282 2029 77 1050 68 95 111 17x 48x
Poland 147 70 14 62 12 38601 463 6 2790 71 - 99 23 37
Portugal 164 112 7 81 7 9808 110 1 9740 75 90 117 - -
Qatar 132 239 21 145 17 558 10 0 11600 71 79 87 - -
Romania 117 82 25 69 21 22655 247 6 1480 70 98 94 24 35
Russian Federation 117 65 25 48 20 148126 1427 36 2240 65 99 109 12 54
Rwanda 19 210 170 124 105 5397 263 45 180 36 61 77 23x 39x
Saint Kitts and Nevi 93 - 38 - 31 41 1 0 5170 69 90x - - -
Saint Lucia 127 - 22 - 18 144 4 0 3370 71 - 95x - -
Saint Vincent/Grenad 123 - 23 - 19 113 2 0 2280 72 82x 95x - -
Samoa 77 210 53 134 42 166 4 0 1120 69 98x 100 - -
San Marino 149 - 13 - 12 25 0 0 - - - - - -
Sao Tome and Princip 57 - 80 - 62 135 6 0 350 69 57x - - -
Saudi Arabia 108 292 30 170 25 18836 657 20 7040 71 63 77 - -
Senegal 36 300 127 173 74 8532 356 45 600 51 33 60 11 59
Seychelles 136 - 19 - 15 74 3 0 6620 72 84x 102x - -
Sierra Leone 3 385 284 219 164 4297 207 59 180 37 31 51 - -
Singapore 189 40 4 31 4 3384 56 0 26730 77 91 107 15x 49x
Slovakia 154 40 11 33 10 5347 64 1 2950 71 - 101 28 31
Slovenia 175 45 6 37 6 1924 18 0 8200 73 99x 100 23 38
Solomon Islands 113 185 29 120 24 391 14 0 910 71 62x 97 - -
Somalia 10 294 211 175 125 9822 504 106 110x 48 24x 11x - -
South Africa 69 126 66 89 50 42393 1280 84 3160 65 82 117 9 63
Spain 186 57 5 46 5 39674 387 2 13580 78 97 104 22x 37x
Sri Lanka 136 130 19 90 17 18100 322 6 700 73 90 105 22 39
Sudan 42 210 116 125 73 27291 929 108 310x 54 46 55 - -
Suriname 104 96 31 70 25 432 9 0 880 71 93 127x - -
Swaziland 53 233 97 157 68 881 33 3 1170 59 77 122 - -
Sweden 189 20 4 16 4 8819 108 0 23750 78 - 100 21x 37x
Switzerland 186 27 5 22 5 7224 80 0 40630 78 - 101 17x 45x
Syria 100 201 34 136 28 14574 450 15 1120 68 71 103 - -
Tajikistan 61 140 76 95 56 5935 184 14 340 67 100 89 - -
Tanzania 29 240 144 142 93 30799 1281 184 120 51 68 70 18 45
TFYR Macedonia 108 177 30 120 26 2174 32 1 860 72 - 87 - -
Thailand 93 148 38 103 31 58703 996 38 2740 69 94 87 14 53
Togo 38 267 125 158 78 4201 179 22 310 50 52 102 - -
Tonga 123 - 23 - 19 98 2 0 1630 69 99x 98x - -
Trinidad and Tobago 143 73 17 61 15 1297 21 0 3770 73 98 94 - -
Tunisia 97 254 35 170 28 9156 223 8 1820 69 67 118 16 46
Turkey 82 219 47 163 41 61797 1371 64 2780 68 82 97 - -
Turkmenistan 58 150 78 100 57 4155 122 10 920 65 98x - 18 43
Tuvalu 74 - 56 - 40 10 0 0 650x - 99x 101 - -
Uganda 30 224 141 133 88 20256 1040 147 240 41 62 67 17 48
Ukraine 121 53 24 41 18 51608 511 12 1630 69 99 87 24 35
United Arab Emirates 139 240 18 160 15 2260 42 1 17400 75 79 110 - -
United Kingdom 164 27 7 23 6 58144 706 5 18700 77 - 114 15x 44x
United States 163 30 8 26 8 269444 3827 32 26980 76 99x 107 16x 42x
Uruguay 127 56 22 48 20 3204 54 1 5170 73 97 109 - -
Uzbekistan 71 122 60 84 46 23209 674 40 970 68 100 77 - -
Vanuatu 77 225 53 141 41 174 5 0 1200 67 64x 106 - -
Venezuela 115 70 28 53 24 22311 570 16 3020 72 91 94 11 58
Viet Nam 85 219 44 147 33 75181 1975 87 240 67 94 114 19 44
Yemen 50 340 105 230 78 15678 756 79 260 57 33x 83 - -
Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep 127 120 22 87 19 10294 131 3 b 72 98 70 - -
Zambia 13 213 202 126 112 8275 356 72 400 43 78 82 12 50
Zimbabwe 65 181 73 109 49 11439 436 32 540 49 85 115 10 62
Regional summaries
Sub-Saharan Africa 257 170 154 105 576069 24777 4224 501 51 57 73 11 58
Middle East and North Af 241 65 154 50 318201 10248 662 1710 65 59 93 - -
South Asia 239 119 146 80 1267705 35132 4173 345 61 49 94 21 42
East Asia and Pacific 201 54 133 41 1797840 34355 1843 1043 68 84 114 17 46
Latin America and Caribb 157 43 105 35 479139 11201 484 3271 69 87 110 9 61
CEE/CIS and Baltic State 101 36 76 29 474657 6649 237 2086 68 97 97 18 44
Industrialized countries 37 7 31 6 838679 10056 70 25926 77 98 104 18 40
Developing countries 216 97 137 66 4577675 118889 11546 1101 62 71 99 15 51
Least developed countrie 280 171 171 109 594510 23695 4041 220 51 48 69 20 43
World 192 88 123 60 5752290 132418 11694 4812 63 75 100 18 42
Countries in each region can be found in the Regional summaries country list.
a: Range $765 or less
b: Range $766 to $3035
c: Range $9386 or more
Definitions of the indicators
Under-five mortality rate - Probability of dying between
birth and exactly five years of age expressed per 1,000 live
births.
Infant mortality rate - Probability of dying between birth
and exactly one year of age expressed per 1,000 live births.
GNP per capita - Gross national product (GNP) is the sum of
gross value added by all resident producers, plus any taxes
that are not included in the valuation of output, plus net
receipts of primary income from non-resident sources. GNP per
capita is the gross national product, converted to United
States dollars using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by
the mid-year population.
Life expectancy at birth - The number of years newborn
children would live if subject to the mortality risks
prevailing for the cross-section of population at the time of
their birth.
Adult literacy rate Percentage of persons aged 15 and over
who can read and write.
Gross primary school enrolment ratio - The number of children
enrolled in primary school, regardless of age, divided by the
population of the age group that officially corresponds to
primary schooling.
Income share - Percentage of income received by the 20 per
cent of households with the highest income and by the 40 per
cent of households with the lowest income.
Main data sources
Under-five and infant mortality rates - UNICEF, United
Nations Population Division and United Nations Statistics
Division.
Total population - United Nations Population Division.
Births - United Nations Population Division.
Under-five deaths - UNICEF.
GNP per capita - World Bank.
Life expectancy - United Nations Population Division.
Adult literacy - United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
School enrolment - United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Household income - World Bank.
Notes
a: Range $765 or less
b: Range $765 to $3035
c: Range $9386 or more
- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in the column heading, differ from the
standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.
* * * *
Table 2: Nutrition
% of % of children (1990-96) who are: % of under-fives (1990-97) suffering from:
infants Total % of
with low exclusively breastfed with still underweight wasting stunting goitre rate households
birth breastfed complementary breastfeeding (6-11 years) consuming
U5MR weight food moderate moderate moderate (%) iodized salt
rank 1990-94 (0-3 months) (6-9 months) (20-23 months) & severe severe & severe & severe 1985-94 1992-96
Afghanistan 4 20 - - - - - - - 20 -
Albania 88 7 - - - - - - - 41 -
Algeria 92 9 48 29 21 13 3 9 18 9 92
Andorra 175 - - - - - - - - - -
Angola 2 19 3 83 53 - - - - 7 10
Antigua and Barbuda 127 8 - - - 10 4 10 0 - -
Argentina 117 7 - - - - - - - 8 90
Armenia 108 - - - - - - - - 10 -
Australia 175 6 - - - - - - - - -
Austria 175 6 - - - - - - - - -
Azerbaijan 85 - - - - - - - - 20 -
Bahamas 123 - - - - - - - - - -
Bahrain 127 6 - - - - - - - - -
Bangladesh 44 50 51 - - 56 21 18 55 50 44
Barbados 152 10 - - - 5 1 4 7 - -
Belarus 139 - - - - - - - - 22 37
Belgium 164 6 - - - - - - - 5 -
Belize 85 10 24 49 - - - - - 0 90
Benin 31 - - - - - - - - 24 35
Bhutan 36 - - - - 38 - 4 56 25 96
Bolivia 51 12 53 78 36 8 2 1 29 21 92
Bosnia and Herzegovin 143 - - - - - - - - - -
Botswana 80 8 41 82 23 15 - - 44 8 27
Brazil 79 11 42 30 17 6 1 2 11 14 95
Brunei Darussalam 154 - - - - - - - - - -
Bulgaria 136 6 - - - - - - - 20 -
Burkina Faso 23 21 12 - - 30 8 13 29 16 23
Burundi 17 - 89 66 73 37 11 9 43 42 80
Cambodia 19 - - - - 40 7 8 38 15 -
Cameroon 51 13 7 77 35 14 3 3 24 26 86
Canada 164 6 - - - - - - - - -
Cape Verde 65 11 - - - 19 - 3 26 - -
Central African Rep. 21 15 23 - - 27 8 7 34 63 65
Chad 27 - - - - - - - - 15 31
Chile 149 5 77 17 - 1 - 0 3 9 95
China 82 9 64 - - 16 - - - 20 51
Colombia 104 9 16 61 17 8 1 1 15 7 90
Comoros 39 8 5 87 45 26 8 8 34 - -
Congo 48 16 43 95 27 24 3 4 21 8 -
Congo, Dem. Rep. 12 15 32 40 64 34 10 10 45 9 12
Cook Islands 108 3 - - - - - - - - -
Costa Rica 146 7 35 47 12 2 - - - 4 89
Côte d'Ivoire 25 14 62 54 - 24 6 8 24 6 -
Croatia 154 - 24 - - - - - - - 100
Cuba 159 8 - - - - - 1 - 10 45
Cyprus 159 - - - - - - - - - -
Czech Rep. 164 6 - - - - - - - - -
Denmark 175 6 - - - - - - - 5 -
Djibouti 24 11 - - - 23 9 11 22 - -
Dominica 133 10 - - - 5 0 2 6 - -
Dominican Rep. 74 11 25 47 7 6 1 1 11 5 40
Ecuador 88 13 29 52 34 17 0 2 34 10 97
Egypt 58 10 53 37 - 15 4 6 25 5 0
El Salvador 88 11 20 71 28 11 1 1 23 25 91
Equatorial Guinea 18 - - - - - - - - - 20
Eritrea 41 13 66 45 60 44 17 16 38 - 80
Estonia 145 - - - - - - - - - -
Ethiopia 16 16 74 - 35 48 16 8 64 31 0
Fiji 121 12 - - - - - - - - 31
Finland 189 4 - - - - - - - - -
France 175 5 - - - - - - - 5 -
Gabon 28 - 57 - - - - - - 5 -
Gambia 49 - - - 61 - - - - - 0
Georgia 113 - - - - - - - - 20 -
Germany 175 - - - - - - - - 10 -
Ghana 47 7 19 63 48 27 8 11 26 10 10
Greece 161 6 - - - - - - - 10 -
Grenada 104 9 - - - - - - - - -
Guatemala 74 15 50 56 43 27 6 3 50 20 64
Guinea 11 21 52 - 15 26 9 12 32 55 37
Guinea-Bissau 6 20 - - - 23 - - - 19 -
Guyana 56 19 - - - 18 2 - - - -
Haiti 34 15 3 83 25 28 8 8 32 4 10
Holy See - - - - - - - - - - -
Honduras 97 9 11 - - 18 3 2 40 9 85
Hungary 152 9 - - - - - - - - -
Iceland 186 - - - - - - - - - -
India 46 33 51 31 67 53 21 18 52 9 70
Indonesia 67 14 47 85 63 11 2 - 4 28 85
Iran 96 9 53 - - 16 3 7 19 30 82
Iraq 39 15 - - - 12 2 3 22 7 50
Ireland 164 4 - - - - - - - - -
Israel 161 7 - - - - - - - - -
Italy 164 5 - - - - - - - 20 -
Jamaica 154 10 - - - 10 1 4 6 - 100
Japan 175 7 - - - - - - - - -
Jordan 117 7 32 48 13 9 - 2 16 - 75
Kazakstan 84 - 12 61 21 8 2 3 16 20 53
Kenya 55 16 17 90 54 23 6 8 34 7 100
Kiribati 61 6 - - - - - - - - -
Korea, Dem. People's 108 - - - - - - - - - 5
Korea, Rep. of 164 9 - - - - - - - - -
Kuwait 147 7 - - - 6 - 3 12 - -
Kyrgyzstan 80 - 38 50 25 - - - - 20 -
Lao People's Dem. Rep 35 18 36 - 31 40 12 11 47 25 90
Latvia 133 - - - - - - - - - -
Lebanon 88 10 - - - - - - - 15 92
Lesotho 32 11 54 47 52 16 4 5 44 43 73
Liberia 5 - - 17 25 - - - - 6 -
Libya 70 - - - - 5 - 3 15 6 90
Liechtenstein 164 - - - - - - - - - -
Lithuania 139 - - - - - - - - - -
Luxembourg 164 - - - - - - - - - -
Madagascar 21 17 47 80 45 34 10 7 50 24 1
Malawi 8 20 11 78 68 30 9 7 48 13 58
Malaysia 149 8 - - - 23 1 - - 20 -
Maldives 61 20 8 - - 39 8 16 30 24 -
Mali 7 17 42 31 73 27 10 11 49 29 9
Malta 154 - - - - - - - - - -
Marshall Islands 54 15 - - - - - - - - -
Mauritania 15 11 60 64 59 23 9 7 44 - 3
Mauritius 123 13 16 29 - 16 2 15 10 0 0
Mexico 102 8 38 36 21 14 - 6 22 3 87
Micronesia, Fed. Stat 116 9 - - - - - - - - -
Moldova, Rep. of 102 4 - - - - - - - - -
Monaco 175 - - - - - - - - - -
Mongolia 67 6 - - - 12 - 2 26 28 42
Morocco 64 9 31 33 20 9 2 2 23 20 -
Mozambique 9 20 - - - 27 11 5 55 20 62
Myanmar 25 16 30 40 56 43 16 8 45 18 14
Namibia 60 16 22 65 23 26 6 9 28 35 80
Nauru 104 - - - - - - - - - -
Nepal 42 - 83 63 88 47 16 11 48 44 93
Netherlands 175 - - - - - - - - 3 -
New Zealand 164 6 - - - - - - - - -
Nicaragua 73 15 11 48 17 12 - 2 24 4 98
Niger 1 15 - 67 52 36 12 16 32 9 83
Nigeria 14 16 2 52 43 36 12 9 43 10 83
Niue - - - - - - - - - - -
Norway 175 4 - - - - - - - - -
Oman 139 8 28 85 64 23 3 13 23 10 35
Pakistan 33 25 16 31 56 38 13 - - 32 19
Palau 97 8 - - - - - - - - -
Panama 133 9 32 38 21 7 1 1 9 13 92
Papua New Guinea 44 23 - - - 35 - - - 30 -
Paraguay 100 5 7 61 8 4 1 0 17 49 77
Peru 72 11 63 83 43 8 1 1 26 36 90
Philippines 93 15 33 52 18 30 5 8 33 15 15
Poland 147 - - - - - - - - 10 -
Portugal 164 5 - - - - - - - 15 -
Qatar 132 - - - - - - - - - -
Romania 117 11 - - - - - - - 10 -
Russian Federation 117 - - - - - - - - - 30
Rwanda 19 17 90 68 85 29 6 4 48 49 90
Saint Kitts and Nevis 93 9 - - - - - - - - -
Saint Lucia 127 8 - - - - - - - - -
Saint Vincent/Grenadi 123 8 - - - - - - - - -
Samoa 77 6 - - - - - - - - -
San Marino 149 - - - - - - - - - -
Sao Tome and Principe 57 7 - - - 17 - 5 26 - -
Saudi Arabia 108 7 - - - - - - - - -
Senegal 36 11 9 87 - 22 - 7 23 12 9
Seychelles 136 10 - - - 6 0 2 5 - -
Sierra Leone 3 11 - 94 41 29 - 9 35 7 75
Singapore 189 7 - - - - - - - - -
Slovakia 154 - - - - - - - - - -
Slovenia 175 - - - - - - - - - -
Solomon Islands 113 20 - - - - - - - - -
Somalia 10 16 - - - - - - - 7 -
South Africa 69 - - - - 9 1 3 23 2 40
Spain 186 4 - - - - - - - 10 -
Sri Lanka 136 25 24 60 66 38 7 16 24 14 7
Sudan 42 15 14 45 44 34 11 13 33 20 -
Suriname 104 13 - - - - - - - - -
Swaziland 53 10 37 51 20 10 - 1 30 - 26
Sweden 189 5 - - - - - - - - -
Switzerland 186 5 - - - - - - - - -
Syria 100 11 - 50 - 13 4 9 21 73 36
Tajikistan 61 - - - - - - - - 20 20
Tanzania 29 14 40 - - 27 8 6 42 37 74
TFYR Macedonia 108 - - - - - - - - - 100
Thailand 93 13 4 69 34 26 4 6 22 8 50
Togo 38 20 - 25 99 19 4 - 34 22 1
Tonga 123 2 - - - - - - - - -
Trinidad and Tobago 143 10 10 39 16 7 0 4 5 - -
Tunisia 97 8 12 - 16 9 - 4 23 4 98
Turkey 82 8 14 17 14 10 3 - - 36 18
Turkmenistan 58 5 54 - - - - - - 20 0
Tuvalu 74 2 - - - - - - - - -
Uganda 30 - 70 64 40 26 7 5 38 7 69
Ukraine 121 - - - - - - - - 10 4
United Arab Emirates 139 6 - - 26 - - - - - -
United Kingdom 164 7 - - - - - - - - -
United States 163 7 - - - - - - - - -
Uruguay 127 8 - - - 7 2 - 16 - -
Uzbekistan 71 - 4 - - - - - - 18 0
Vanuatu 77 7 - - - 20 - - 19 - -
Venezuela 115 9 - - - 6 - 2 6 11 65
Viet Nam 85 17 - - - 45 11 12 47 20 59
Yemen 50 19 - - 31 39 13 - 39 32 21
Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 127 - - - - - - - - - 70
Zambia 13 13 13 88 34 28 9 6 53 51 90
Zimbabwe 65 14 16 93 26 16 3 6 21 42 80
Regional summaries
Sub-Saharan Africa 16 32 61 47 30 10 8 42 18 50
Middle East and North Afri 11 43 39 - 17 5 7 23 20 52
South Asia 33 46 32 65 51 19 17 52 18 61
East Asia and Pacific 11 56 70 - 20 - - - 21 52
Latin America and Caribbea 10 38 44 22 10 1 3 18 12 87
CEE/CIS and Baltic States - - - - - - - - 20 25
Industrialized countries 6 - - - - - - - - -
Developing countries 18 44 45 50 30 11 11 37 18 57
Least developed countries 23 46 56 51 39 13 10 47 29 38
World 17 44 45 50 30 11 11 37 18 56
Countries in each region can be found in the Regional summaries country list.
6 9 24
Definitions of the indicators
Low birthweight - Less than 2,500 grams.
Underweight - Moderate and severe - below minus two standard
deviations from median weight for age of reference
population; severe below minus three standard deviations
from median weight for age of reference population.
Wasting - Moderate and severe - below minus two standard
deviations from median weight for height of reference
population.
Stunting - Moderate and severe - below minus two standard
deviations from median height for age of reference
population.
Total goitre rate - Percentage of children aged 6-11 with
palpable or visible goitre. This is an indicator of iodine
deficiency, which causes brain damage and mental retardation.
Main data sources
Low birthweight - World Health Organization (WHO).
Breastfeeding - Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple
Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and World Health
Organization (WHO).
Underweight, wasting and stunting - Demographic and Health
Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and World
Health Organization (WHO).
Salt iodization - UNICEF and Multiple Indicator Cluster
Surveys (MICS).
Goitre rate - World Health Organization (WHO).
Notes
- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in the column heading, differ from the
standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.
* * * *
Table 3: Health % of routine
% of population % of population EPI vaccines
with access to with access to financed by % fully immunized 1995-96
safe water adequate sanitation government
1990-96 1990-96 1995-96 1-year-old children pregnant ORT
women use rate %
U5MR total urban rural total urban rural total TB DPT polio measles tetanus 1990-97
rank
Afghanistan 4 12 39 5 8 38 1 0 47 31 31 42 37 -
Albania 88 - - - - - - - 94 98 100 92 - -
Algeria 92 78 91 64 91 99 80 - 94 75 75 68 34 98
Andorra 175 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Angola 2 32 69 15 16 34 8 - 74 42 42 65 28 -
Antigua and Barbuda 127 - - - 96 - - 100 - 100 100 100 - -
Argentina 117 71 77 29 68 73 37 100 100 83 90 100 63 -
Armenia 108 - - - - - - 0 82 86 97 89 - -
Australia 175 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Austria 175 - - - - - - - - 90 90 60 - -
Azerbaijan 85 - - - - - - - 90 95 97 99 - -
Bahamas 123 - - - - - - 100 - 85 85 92 75 -
Bahrain 127 - 100 - - 100 - - - 98 98 95 54 5
Bangladesh 44 97 99 96 48 79 44 74 88 66 66 59 72 96
Barbados 152 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 - 88 85 100 100 -
Belarus 139 - - - - - - - 93x 95 94 74 - -
Belgium 164 - - - - - - - - 97 94 70 - -
Belize 85 89 96 82 57 23 87 100 90 85 85 81 88 -
Benin 31 50 41 53 20 54 6 15 90 80 80 74 75 60
Bhutan 36 58 75 54 70 90 66 0 98 87 86 86 70 85
Bolivia 51 63 86 32 58 74 37 65 90 76 76 87 52 41
Bosnia and Herzegovi 143 - - - - - - - 97 88 86 88 - -
Botswana 80 93 100 91 55 91 41 100 67 83 81 82 61 -
Brazil 79 76 88 25 70 80 30 100 90 75 73 74 45 54
Brunei Darussalam 154 - - - - - - - 100x 100x 100x 100x 50 -
Bulgaria 136 - - - - - - - 98 100 94 93 - -
Burkina Faso 23 42 66 37 37 41 33 34 61 48 48 54 27 100
Burundi 17 52 92 49 51 60 50 - 77 63 63 50 33 -
Cambodia 19 36 65 33 14 81 8 0 90 75 76 72 36 -
Cameroon 51 50 57 43 50 64 36 - 54 46 46 46 12 43
Canada 164 - - - - - - - - 93 89 98 - -
Cape Verde 65 51 70 34 24 40 10 100 80 73 73 66 4 -
Central African Rep. 21 38 55 21 27 38 16 - 94 53 53 46 15 100
Chad 27 24 48 17 21 73 7 100 40 19 19 28 50 -
Chile 149 95 98 81 - 86 - 100 96 92 92 96 - -
China 82 67 97 56 24 74 7 100 97 95 96 97 13 85
Colombia 104 85 97 56 85 97 56 99 98 92 93 95 57 53
Comoros 39 53 76 45 23 40 16 - 89 60 57 48 34 32
Congo 48 34 53 7 69 - - 0 50 47 47 42 55 41
Congo, Dem. Rep. 12 42 89 26 18 53 6 - 51 36 36 41 20 90
Cook Islands 108 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 90 75 75 72 64 -
Costa Rica 146 96 100 92 84 95 70 100 91 84 84 86 90 31
Côte d'Ivoire 25 42 56 32 39 71 17 100 68 55 55 65 22 73
Croatia 154 - - - - - - - 90 91 91 91 91 5
Cuba 159 93 96 85 66 71 51 - 99 100 93x 94 61 -
Cyprus 159 - 100 - - 96 - - - 98 98 90 57 -
Czech Rep. 164 - - - - - - - 96 97 98 97 - -
Denmark 175 - - - - - - - - 89x 100x 88x - -
Djibouti 24 90 77 100 55 64 24 - 58 49 49 47 39 -
Dominica 133 96 97 95 80 80 85 100 100 100 100 100 - -
Dominican Rep. 74 65 80 - 78 76 83 100 98 58 48 78 96 39
Ecuador 88 68 80 49 76 95 49 100 100 88 89 79 25 64
Egypt 58 87 97 79 88 98 79 100 91 77 77 85 55 95
El Salvador 88 69 85 46 81 91 65 100 100 100 100 97 69 69
Equatorial Guinea 18 95 88 100 54 61 48 - 99 64 64 61 63 -
Eritrea 41 22 60 8 13 48 - 0 52 46 46 38 23 38
Estonia 145 - - - - - - - 99 90 93 86 - -
Ethiopia 16 25 91 19 19 97 7 0 87 67 67 54 36 95
Fiji 121 100 100 100 92 100 85 50 100 97 99 94 100 -
Finland 189 - - - - - - - 100 100 100 98 - -
France 175 - - - - - - - 83 96 97 82 - -
Gabon 28 68 90 50 - - - - 54 41 41 38 4 25
Gambia 49 48 67 - 37 83 23 100 99 97 97 89 92 -
Georgia 113 - - - - - - - 30 58 82 63 - 14
Germany 175 - - - - - - - - 45 80 75 - -
Ghana 47 65 88 52 55 62 44 50 65 51 52 53 9 93
Greece 161 - - - - - - - 70 78 95 90 - -
Grenada 104 - - - - - - 100 - 80 80 85 80 -
Guatemala 74 77 76 78 83 95 74 100 76 73 73 69 81 22
Guinea 11 46 69 36 31 54 19 - 59 48 48 49 43 31
Guinea-Bissau 6 59 32 67 30 24 32 0 72 56 58 53 43 -
Guyana 56 61 90 45 81 82 80 100 88 83 83 91 56 -
Haiti 34 37 50 28 25 49 17 0 68 34 34 31 49 31
Holy See - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Honduras 97 87 96 79 87 97 78 100 100 93 94 91 99 32
Hungary 152 - - - - - - - 100 100 100 100 - -
Iceland 186 - - - - - - - - 98x 99x 98x - -
India 46 81 85 79 29 70 14 100 96 89 90 81 78 67
Indonesia 67 62 78 54 51 73 40 100 99 91 90 92 75 97
Iran 96 90 98 82 81 86 74 100 90 96 97 95 50 37
Iraq 39 78 92 44 70 85 37 0 99 94 95 97 65 -
Ireland 164 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Israel 161 - - - - - - - - 92 93 94 - -
Italy 164 - - - - - - - - 50 98 50 - -
Jamaica 154 86 - - 89 100 80 100 98 92 92 99 82 -
Japan 175 97 100 85 - 85x - - 91 85 91 68 - -
Jordan 117 98 - - 77 - - - - 99 99 98 41 41
Kazakstan 84 93 99 84 99 100 98 20 93 94 98 97 - 31
Kenya 55 53 67 49 77 69 81 0 56 46 43 38 21 76
Kiribati 61 100 100 100 100 100 100 75 100 79 82 64 41 -
Korea, Dem. People's 108 81 - - - - - - 60 96 58 60 95 -
Korea, Rep. of 164 93 100 76 100 100 100 - 93x 93x 93x 92x - -
Kuwait 147 - - - - 100x - - - 100 100 99 21 -
Kyrgyzstan 80 71 - - 94 - - - 90 82 81 80 - 98
Lao People's Dem. Re 35 44 - - 18 - - 0 62 28 33 62 45 -
Latvia 133 - - - - - - - 100 64 77 82 64 -
Lebanon 88 94 96 88 63 81 8 - - 94 94 85 - 82
Lesotho 32 62 91 57 38 56 35 - 55 58 58 82 10 84
Liberia 5 46 79 13 30 56 4 0 84 45 45 44 35 94
Libya 70 97 97 97 98 99 94 - 99 96 96 92 45 49
Liechtenstein 164 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lithuania 139 - - - - - - - 98 91 93 96 - -
Luxembourg 164 - - - - - - - - 95x 90x 80x - -
Madagascar 21 34 68 21 41 77 29 10 87 73 73 68 33 85
Malawi 8 37 80 32 6 22 4 - 95 90 82 89 56 78
Malaysia 149 78 96 66 94 - - - 97x 90x 90x 81x 79 -
Maldives 61 96 100 81 66 100 54 - 98 95 95 94 93 -
Mali 7 66 87 55 6 12 3 65 70 29 30 35 32 29
Malta 154 - - - - - - - 96 84 92 51 - -
Marshall Islands 54 74 100 45 74 100 45 100 88 74 75 69 15 -
Mauritania 15 74 88 59 32 44 19 0 93 50 50 53 28 51
Mauritius 123 98 95 100 100 100 100 100 87 90 90 61 79 -
Mexico 102 83 92 57 72 85 32 100 97 83 84 75 69 81
Micronesia, Fed. Sta 116 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 83 81 90 44 -
Moldova, Rep. of 102 55 98 18 50x 90x 8x - 98 97 99 98 - -
Monaco 175 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mongolia 67 40 73 3 86 99 74 - 92 90 90 88 - -
Morocco 64 65 98 34 58 94 24 100 96 95 95 93 100 29
Mozambique 9 63 - - 54 - - 0 83 60 60 67 61 83
Myanmar 25 60 78 50 43 56 36 0 92 88 87 86 79 96
Namibia 60 57 87 42 34 77 12 - 79 70 71 61 75 66
Nauru 104 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Nepal 42 63 88 60 18 58 12 40 73 51 48 45 11 29
Netherlands 175 - - - - - - - - 97 97 94 - -
New Zealand 164 97 100 82 - - - - 20 84 84 87 - -
Nicaragua 73 61 81 27 31 34 27 99 93 78 86 78 96 54
Niger 1 48 76 44 17 79 5 0 63 33 33 59 31 85
Nigeria 14 50 80 39 57 82 48 100 49 28 32 45 36 86
Niue - 100 100 100 100 100 100 25 100 100 100 100 - -
Norway 175 - - - - - - - - 92 92 93 - -
Oman 139 82 - - 78 - - 100 96 100 100 98 98 85
Pakistan 33 74 82 69 47 77 22 100 93 77 77 78 54 97
Palau 97 88 - - 98 - - - 100 100 100 100 55 -
Panama 133 93 - - 83 - - 100 100 93 93 92 24 94
Papua New Guinea 44 28 84 17 22 82 11 - 78 55 57 44 50 -
Paraguay 100 60 - - 41 65 14 100 89 80 81 81 69 33
Peru 72 67 84 33 72 89 37 100 93 72 66 71 51 55
Philippines 93 84 93 80 75 89 63 88 82 70 67 72 47 87
Poland 147 - - - - - - - 94 95 95 91 - -
Portugal 164 - - - - - - - 91 95 95 99 - -
Qatar 132 - 100 - - 100 - - 98 92 92 86 - 71
Romania 117 - - - - - - 100 100 98 97 94 - -
Russian Federation 117 - - - - - - - 97 87 97 95 - -
Rwanda 19 - - 79 - - 85 - 93 98 98 76 43 47
Saint Kitts and Nevi 93 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 - 100 98 100 - -
Saint Lucia 127 - - - - - - 100 89 88 88 95 - -
Saint Vincent/Grenad 123 89 100 85 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 - -
Samoa 77 82 100 77 94 100 92 30 98 95 95 96 96 -
San Marino 149 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sao Tome and Princip 57 82 - - 35 - - - 85 66 61 57 49 74
Saudi Arabia 108 95 100 74 86x 100x 30x - 91 93 93 92 60 58
Senegal 36 63 90 44 39 71 15 100 80 62 62 60 34 84
Seychelles 136 - - - - - - - 100 100 100 98 100 -
Sierra Leone 3 34 58 21 11 17 8 3 77 65 65 79 65 -
Singapore 189 100 100 - - - - - 97 95 93 88 - -
Slovakia 154 - - - - - - - 98 98 98 99 - -
Slovenia 175 - - - - - - - 99x 98x 98x 91x - -
Solomon Islands 113 61 82 58 11 73 2 60 71 72 72 67 63 -
Somalia 10 31 46 28 43 69 35 0 43 21 21 33 28 97
South Africa 69 99 99 53 53 85 12 100 95 73 72 76 26 -
Spain 186 - - - - - - - - 88 90 90x - -
Sri Lanka 136 57 88 52 63 68 62 100 88 90 91 86 81 34
Sudan 42 50 66 45 22 79 4 0 96 79 80 75 44 35
Suriname 104 - - - - - 43 100 - 80 79 78 99 -
Swaziland 53 60 89 46 70 92 59 - 68 70 71 59 65 99
Sweden 189 - - - - - - - - 99 99 96 - -
Switzerland 186 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Syria 100 86 95 77 67 96 31 100 100 96 96 95 78 27
Tajikistan 61 60 82 49 - 46 - - 96 93 96 80 - -
Tanzania 29 38 73 29 86 96 84 0 96 85 80 81 92 91
TFYR Macedonia 108 - - - - - - 14 98 93 94 90 91 -
Thailand 93 89 94 88 96 98 95 - 98 94 94 85 88 95
Togo 38 55 82 41 41 76 22 0 63 82 82 39 43 94
Tonga 123 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 99 95 93 94 88 -
Trinidad and Tobago 143 97 99 91 79 99 98 100 - 89 90 88 19 -
Tunisia 97 98 100 95 80 96 52 100 86 91 91 86 80 41
Turkey 82 49 63 28 62 83 31 100 69 84 83 84 32 100
Turkmenistan 58 74 - - 91 - - 9 88 80 83 66 - 98
Tuvalu 74 97 100 95 87 90 85 70 88 87 85 94 53 -
Uganda 30 46 77 41 57 75 55 35 96 68 67 66 55 49
Ukraine 121 - - - - - - - 92x 94x 95x 96x - -
United Arab Emirates 139 95 - - 77 93 22 - 98 90 90 90 - -
United Kingdom 164 - - - - - - - - 94 96 92 - -
United States 163 - - - - - - - - 94 84 89 - -
Uruguay 127 - 95 - - 98 - 100 98 89 89 85 13 -
Uzbekistan 71 62 82 49 22 46x - 16 95 89 99 81 - -
Vanuatu 77 87 - - 91x - - 100 72 67 68 61 15 -
Venezuela 115 79 80 75 59 64 30 100 90 57 73 64 60 -
Viet Nam 85 43 47 42 21 43 15 29 95 94 94 96 82 -
Yemen 50 61 88 55 24 47 17 0 59 59 59 51 55 92
Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep 127 - - - - - - 0 97 91 94 81x - -
Zambia 13 27 50 17 64 89 43 10 100 83 81 93 48 99
Zimbabwe 65 79 99 69 52 96 32 90 74 80 80 77 65 60
Regional summaries
Sub-Saharan Africa 49 79 36 44 73 33 48 70 52 53 56 38 81
Middle East and North Afr 81 95 67 72 91 52 71 91 86 87 86 57 59
South Asia 80 85 78 33 71 19 93 93 83 83 77 71 73
East Asia and Pacific 67 93 57 35 76 18 89 95 92 92 92 35 87
Latin America and Caribbe 77 88 46 71 81 41 97 93 79 79 78 58 58
CEE/CIS and Baltic States - - - - - - - 89 89 93 89 - -
Industrialized countries - - - - - - - - 86 89 83 - -
Developing countries 70 88 61 42 78 23 82 88 79 80 78 51 76
Least developed countries 54 78 48 35 66 28 21 78 60 60 59 48 80
World 71 89 61 42 78 23 82 89 80 81 79 51 76
Countries in each region can be found in the Regional summaries country list.
Definitions of the indicators
Government funding of vaccines - Percentage of vaccines
routinely administered in a country to protect children
against TB, DPT, measles and polio that are financed by the
national government.
EPI - Extended Programme on Immunization: the immunizations
in this programme include those against TB, DPT, polio and
measles, as well as protecting babies against neonatal
tetanus by vaccination of pregnant women. Other vaccines
(e.g. against hepatitis B or yellow fever) may be included in
the programme in some countries.
DPT - Diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough) and tetanus
ORT use - Percentage of all cases of diarrhoea in children
under five years of age treated with oral rehydration salts
and/or recommended home fluids.
Main data sources
Access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation
facilities - UNICEF, World Health Organization (WHO) and
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS).
Government funding of vaccines UNICEF
Immunization - World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF,
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and Demographic and
Health Surveys (DHS).
ORT use - Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS),
Demographic and Health Surveys and World Health Organization
(WHO).
Notes
- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in the column heading, differ from the
standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.
* * * *
Table 4: Education
No. of sets % of primary
Adult literacy rate per 1000 Primary school enrolment ratio school Secondary school
population children enrolment ratio
1980 1995 1994 1960 (gross) 1990-95 (gross) 1993-97 (net) reaching 1990-95
U5MR grade 5 (gross)
rank male female male female radio television male female male female male female 1990-95 male female
Afghanistan 4 33 6 47 15 118 10 14 2 63 32 36y 11y 43x 32 11
Albania 88 - - - - 190 91 102 86 98 99 95 97 82 36 37
Algeria 92 55 24 74 49 236 79 55 37 111 98 99 91 95 66 58
Andorra 175 - - - - 211 367 - - - - - - - - -
Angola 2 16x 7x 56x 29 30 7 30 14 95 87 - - 34 - -
Antigua and Barbuda 127 - - - - 427 370 - - - - - - - - -
Argentina 117 94 94 96 96 673 219 99 99 108 107 - - - 70 75
Armenia 108 - - 100 99 - 225 - - 87 93 - - - 80 90
Australia 175 - - - - 1291 489 103 103 107 106 98 98 99 83 86
Austria 175 - - - - 619 480 106 104 103 103 100 100 96 109 104
Azerbaijan 85 - - 100 99 - - - - 120 115 - - - 87 85
Bahamas 123 98 96 99 98 735 226 125 112 100 103 92x 96x 78 95 95
Bahrain 127 80 60 89 79 556 430 103 50 110 113 99 100 94 97 100
Bangladesh 44 41 17 49 26 47 6 80 31 84 73 82y 82y 47x 25 13
Barbados 152 97 94 98 97 877 279 116 101 90 91 78x 78x - 90x 80x
Belarus 139 - - 100 99 285 226 - - 98 95 97 94 98 92 97
Belgium 164 99x 99x - - 774 453 111 108 99 100 98 98 - 103 104
Belize 85 - - 70 70 581 167 - - 113 109 100 98 70 46 52
Benin 31 28 10 49 26 91 6 40 15 88 44 74 43 61 17 7
Bhutan 36 41 15 56 28 17 - 5 0 31x 19x - - 82 7x 2x
Bolivia 51 81 59 91 76 670 113 70 43 99 90 90y 89y 60 40 34
Bosnia and Herzegovina 143 - - - - 227 - - - - - - - - - -
Botswana 80 70 43 81 60 125 17 37 43 114 115 94 99 89 54 58
Brazil 79 76 73 83 83 393 209 58 56 - - 93y 94y 70 - -
Brunei Darussalam 154 86 68 93 83 271 241 117 101 113 106 91 91 95 67 73
Bulgaria 136 - - 99 98 454 363 94 92 88 84 98 96 95 68 72
Burkina Faso 23 19 4 30 9 28 6 12 5 48 31 37 24 79 12 6
Burundi 17 37 12 49 23 64 2 31 10 76 62 56x 48x 74 8 5
Cambodia 19 74x 23x 80x 53 108 8 85 48 130 106 - - 50 31 18
Cameroon 51 59 30 75 52 148 24 81 40 93 84 69y 60y 66 32 22
Canada 164 - - - - 1051 685 108 105 104 102 96 94 97 106 106
Cape Verde 65 64 38 81 64 176 3 40 28 132 130 100 100 - 28 26
Central African Rep. 21 41 19 69 52 73 5 52 11 88x 55x 70y 55y 24 17x 6x
Chad 27 47 19 62 35 246 1 30 4 75 36 - - 28 13 3
Chile 149 92 91 95 95 345 211 87 86 100 98 87 85 92 66 70
China 82 79 53 90 73 184 189 131 78 120 116 99 98 92 60 51
Colombia 104 87 87 91 91 178 118 71 72 118 120 90y 91y 58 57 68
Comoros 39 56 40 64 50 129 0 22 4 81 69 58 48 45 21 17
Congo 48 65 40 83 67 115 7 - - - - - - 54 - -
Congo, Dem. Rep. 12 75 45 87 68 98 2 93 34 78 58 71 50 64 33 15
Cook Islands 108 - - - 99 700 179 - - - - - - - - -
Costa Rica 146 92 91 95 95 260 142 99 96 107 105 86x 87x 89 47 51
Côte d'Ivoire 25 34 14 50 30 143 60 64 23 78 59 59y 46y 73 33 17
Croatia 154 - - 98 97 261 253 - - 87 86 83 82 98 75 81
Cuba 159 91 87 96 95 347 171 109 108 104 103 99 99 94 70 79
Cyprus 159 - - 98x 91 300 320 - - 100 100 96 96 100 96 98
Czech Rep. 164 - - - - 631 478 - - 100 100 98 98 99 90 94
Denmark 175 - - - - 1036 539 103 103 99 99 98 99 99 113 117
Djibouti 24 45 18 60 33 81 44 32 12 43 33 37 28 82 15 10
Dominica 133 - - - - 600 75 - - - - - - 84 - -
Dominican Rep. 74 75 74 82 82 173 90 75 74 103 104 79 83 58 34 47
Ecuador 88 86 79 92 88 327 88 82 75 124 122 91 92 77 54 56
Egypt 58 54 26 64 39 307 109 79 52 105 91 83y 72y 98 82 71
El Salvador 88 66 60 74 70 443 443 59 56 79 80 78 80 58 27 30
Equatorial Guinea 18 77 45 90 68 424 10 92 54 - - - - - - -
Eritrea 41 - - - - 87 0 - - 54 43 33 30 79 19 13
Estonia 145 - - 98 98 467 367 - - 103 100 93 94 97 92 90
Ethiopia 16 32 14 46 25 197 4 9 3 33 21 28 19 51 11 10
Fiji 121 87 79 94 89 607 17 110 96 128 127 99x 100x 87 64 65
Finland 189 - - - - 1003 511 100 95 100 100 99 99 100 110 130
France 175 99x 98x - - 891 591 144 143 107 105 99 99 96 104 107
Gabon 28 54 28 74 53 147 38 - - - - 87y 86y 50x - -
Gambia 49 37 13 53 25 163 3 21 10 79 56 51y 43y 87 25 13
Georgia 113 - - 100 99 550 459 - - 82 81 81 82 98 82 76
Germany 175 - - - - 935 560 - - 97 98 100 100 99 101 100
Ghana 47 59 31 76 54 229 89 58 31 83 70 70y 69y 80 45 29
Greece 161 93x 76x 98 95 418 206 104 101 95 95 98x 98x 100 99 96
Grenada 104 - - - - 595 337 - - - - - - - - -
Guatemala 74 56 41 63 49 68 53 48 39 89 78 61y 55y - 25 23
Guinea 11 34 11 50 22 43 8 30 11 61 30 39y 26y 54 18 6
Guinea-Bissau 6 53 26 68 43 40 - 35 15 77x 42x 60x 33x 20x 9x 4x
Guyana 56 96 93 99 98 491 39 110 99 113x 111x 90 89 93 56x 59x
Haiti 34 36 29 48 42 50 5 39 31 58 54 68y 69y 47 22 21
Holy See - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Honduras 97 64 61 73 73 408 78 68 67 111 112 89 91 - 29 37
Hungary 152 98x 98x 99 99 625 429 103 100 97 97 92 94 98 79 83
Iceland 186 - - - - 793 350 - - 100 96 - - - 105 105
India 46 55 25 66 38 81 40 83 44 113 91 75y 61y 62 59 38
Indonesia 67 78 58 90 78 148 62 78 58 117 113 99 95 90 49 41
Iran 96 61 37 78 59 237 62 57 27 104 97 99y 93y 90 76 62
Iraq 39 55 25 71 45 218 75 94 36 98 83 83x 74x 72x 53 34
Ireland 164 - - - - 636 302 107 112 104 104 100 100 100 110 115
Israel 161 93x 83x 97x 93 478 275 99 97 95 95 - - 100 83 89
Italy 164 95x 92x 99 98 802 437 112 109 98 99 - - 97 81 82
Jamaica 154 73 81 81 89 436 142 78 79 109 108 100x 100x 96 62 70
Japan 175 100x 99x - - 912 681 103 102 102 102 100 100 100 98 99
Jordan 117 82 54 93 79 243 76 - - 94 95 89x 89x 98 52 54
Kazakstan 84 - - 100 99 376 250 - - 86 86 - - - 89 92
Kenya 55 72 44 86 70 88 11 62 29 92 91 85y 83y 68 28 23
Kiribati 61 - - - 92 209 - - - - - - - 90 - -
Korea, Dem. People's Re 108 - - - - 126 43 - - 108x 101x - - - - -
Korea, Rep. of 164 97 90 99 97 1017 323 108 94 95 96 98 99 100 100 99
Kuwait 147 73 59 82 75 445 380 132 99 69 69 65 65 100 65 64
Kyrgyzstan 80 - - 99 95 - - - - 110 111 86y 87y 92 84 89
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 35 56 28 69 44 127 8 43 20 123 92 70y 67y 53 31 19
Latvia 133 - - 100 100 662 465 - - 85 81 86 82 96 84 89
Lebanon 88 91 82 95 90 889 360 111 105 114 110 - - - 75 83
Lesotho 32 71 45 81 62 33 10 73 109 93 104 60 71 79 23 34
Liberia 5 38 11 54 22 228 19 40 14 - - 59y 53y - - -
Libya 70 73 31 88 63 226 100 70 18 110 110 98x 96x - 95 95
Liechtenstein 164 - - 100x 100 661 337 - - - - - - - - -
Lithuania 139 - - 100 99 387 386 - - 97 95 - - 98 80 84
Luxembourg 164 - - - - 636 374 - - 88 94 - - - 78 78
Madagascar 21 56x 43x 60 32 192 20 74 57 75 72 62y 61y 28 14 14
Malawi 8 64 28 72 42 226 - 50 26 126 114 100 100 94 6 4
Malaysia 149 80 60 89 78 432 157 108 79 93 94 91 92 94 58 64
Maldives 61 91 89 93 93 118 25 2 3 136 133 - - 93 49 49
Mali 7 20 9 39 23 44 1 15 6 39 25 30 19 86 11 6
Malta 154 - - 91 92 530 747 - - 110 107 100 99 97 93 83
Marshall Islands 54 - - - 90 - - - - - - - - - - -
Mauritania 15 41 19 50 26 147 25 12 3 81 66 64 55 63 19 11
Mauritius 123 82 67 87 79 367 222 97 90 107 106 96 96 99 58 60
Mexico 102 86 80 92 87 256 163 82 77 114 110 - - 85 57 58
Micronesia, Fed. States 116 - - - 79 - - - - - - - - - - -
Moldova, Rep. of 102 - - 98 99 679 271 - - 95 94 - - 93 71 74
Monaco 175 - - - - 1016 741 - - - - - - 100 - -
Mongolia 67 82 63 89 77 136 42 74 75 82 87 78 81 - 50 70
Morocco 64 42 16 57 31 219 79 60 24 92 68 81 62 78 43 32
Mozambique 9 44 12 58 23 37 4 57 34 75 54 45 35 47 10 6
Myanmar 25 86 68 89 78 82 5 60 53 112 108 85y 85y - 23 23
Namibia 60 - - 78x 74 139 23 43 48 136 138 - - 76 57 69
Nauru 104 - - - - 577 - - - - - - - - - -
Nepal 42 31 7 41 14 35 5 20 3 129 88 80y 60y 52 46 23
Netherlands 175 - - - - 909 494 105 104 96 98 99 99 - 129 118
New Zealand 164 - - - - 991 510 110 106 103 101 100 100 94 111 114
Nicaragua 73 61 61 65 67 262 67 57 58 102 105 82 85 47 40 47
Niger 1 14 3 21 7 61 5 8 3 35 21 34y 19y 77 9 5
Nigeria 14 47 23 67 47 196 38 54 31 100 79 60y 58y 80 33 28
Niue - - - - 99 563 - - - - - - - - - -
Norway 175 - - - - 799 428 100 100 99 99 99 99 100 118 114
Oman 139 - - 71x 46 583 662 - - 85 80 72 70 96 67 61
Pakistan 33 38 15 50 24 88 19 39 11 94 42 71y 62y 48 33 17
Palau 97 - - - 97 - - - - - - - - - - -
Panama 133 86 85 91 90 227 170 90 86 108 104 91x 92x 82 60 65
Papua New Guinea 44 70 45 81 63 76 3 24 15 88 75 - - 59 17 11
Paraguay 100 90 84 94 91 172 83 106 94 111 108 89 89 71 38 40
Peru 72 89 71 95 83 255 99 98 74 - - 91 90 - - -
Philippines 93 91 89 95 94 144 48 98 93 110 111 89y 91y 70 - -
Poland 147 99x 97x 99x 98 441 308 110 107 100 98 97 96 100 95 96
Portugal 164 78x 65x 92 87 233 321 132 129 122 118 100 100 - 63 74
Qatar 132 72 65 79 80 428 398 111 63 89 84 81 80 95 82 82
Romania 117 98x 93x 99 97 204 201 101 95 94 93 92 92 99 77 78
Russian Federation 117 - - 100 99 339 377 - - 109 108 100 100 - 84 91
Rwanda 19 55 30 70 52 67 - 65 29 78 76 76x 76x 60 11 9
Saint Kitts and Nevis 93 - - - - 666 213 - - - - - - - - -
Saint Lucia 127 - - - - 764 189 - - - - - - 96 - -
Saint Vincent/Grenadine 123 - - - - 667 147 - - - - - - - - -
Samoa 77 - - - 98 462 39 - - - - 100 99 - - -
San Marino 149 - - - - 592 352 - - - - - - 100 - -
Sao Tome and Principe 57 - - 73x 42 270 162 - - - - - - - - -
Saudi Arabia 108 60 32 72 50 294 255 32 3 79 75 63 61 94 57 47
Senegal 36 31 12 43 23 117 37 36 18 68 51 60 48 81 21 11
Seychelles 136 - - 83x 86 490 88 - - - - - - 97 - -
Sierra Leone 3 30 9 45 18 233 11 30 15 60 42 - - - 22 12
Singapore 189 92 74 96 86 645 390 122 101 109x 107x - - 100x 69x 71x
Slovakia 154 - - - - 568 474 - - 101 101 - - 97 88 93
Slovenia 175 - - 100x 99 378 320 - - 100 100 100 99 98 89 91
Solomon Islands 113 - - - 56 122 6 - - 104 90 - - 81 21 14
Somalia 10 8x 1x 36x 14 41 13 4 1 - - - - - - -
South Africa 69 77 75 82 82 314 101 - - 119 115 95 96 65 76 88
Spain 186 94x 86x 98 96 312 402 106 116 104 105 100 100 98 107 120
Sri Lanka 136 91 80 93 87 201 50 125 112 106 104 - - 98 71 79
Sudan 42 43 17 58 35 258 80 29 11 61 48 59y 52y 94 24 19
Suriname 104 92 84 95 91 680 141 113 106 129x 125x - - - 50x 58x
Swaziland 53 64 57 78 76 163 20 58 58 125 119 95 96 78 53 51
Sweden 189 - - - - 879 475 95 96 100 100 100 100 98 99 100
Switzerland 186 - - - - 841 416 118 118 100 102 100 100 100 93 89
Syria 100 72 34 86 56 257 62 89 39 108 97 95 87 91 50 41
Tajikistan 61 - - 100 100 - - - - 91 88 - - - 83 75
Tanzania 29 66 34 79 57 26 2 33 16 71 69 47 48 83 6 5
TFYR Macedonia 108 - - - - 182 166 - - 88 87 86 84 99 55 56
Thailand 93 92 84 96 92 190 117 92 84 98 97 - - 88 38 37
Togo 38 49 18 67 37 212 8 64 25 122 81 98 72 71 34 12
Tonga 123 - - - 99 561 16 - - - - - - 92 - -
Trinidad and Tobago 143 97 93 99 97 491 317 111 108 94 94 83 94 95 74 78
Tunisia 97 61 32 79 55 199 81 88 43 123 113 98 95 92 58 53
Turkey 82 81 50 92 72 162 181 90 58 101 94 98 94 95 76 50
Turkmenistan 58 - - 99x 97 - 180 - - - - 81y 80y - - -
Tuvalu 74 - - - - 310 - - - - - - - 96 - -
Uganda 30 62 32 74 50 107 11 39 18 74 59 65y 63y 55 14 8
Ukraine 121 - - 98 99 812 340 - - 87 87 - - 54 88 95
United Arab Emirates 139 72 64 79 80 312 107 - - 112 108 84 82 98 88 97
United Kingdom 164 - - - - 1429 439 92 92 114 114 100 100 - 93 95
United States 163 99x 99x - - 2122 817 - - 107 106 96 97 99 98 97
Uruguay 127 94 95 97 98 606 232 117 117 110 109 95 95 96 74 88
Uzbekistan 71 - - 100 100 81 190 - - 78 76 83y 83y - 99 87
Vanuatu 77 - - - 60 294 13 - - 105 107 76x 72x 61 23 18
Venezuela 115 86 82 92 90 443 164 73 74 93 96 87x 90x 78 29 41
Viet Nam 85 90 78 97 91 104 43 103 74 - - - - - - -
Yemen 50 14x 3x 53x 26 32 28 - - 118 47 73y 39y - 37 9
Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 127 - - 99 97 207 179 - - 68 71 69x 70x 100 61 63
Zambia 13 65 43 86 71 83 27 54 36 85 79 76 75 - 31 19
Zimbabwe 65 83 68 90 80 86 27 82 65 119 111 91y 90y 90 49 39
Regional summaries
Sub-Saharan Africa 51 30 66 47 147 26 47 24 81 67 61 55 67 27 22
Middle East and North Afric 55 27 70 47 255 99 65 34 99 85 85 76 91 62 51
South Asia 52 24 63 36 80 34 77 39 107 82 75 63 59 52 33
East Asia and Pacific 80 58 91 76 196 156 119 76 117 113 98 96 90 57 49
Latin America and Caribbean 82 77 88 85 349 170 74 70 107 105 89 90 74 52 56
CEE/CIS and Baltic States 92 81 98 96 379 308 100 86 98 96 95 94 89 84 82
Industrialized countries 98 96 98 96 1287 623 109 109 105 104 98 98 99 98 99
Developing countries 68 46 79 62 178 105 92 58 105 92 83 76 75 52 41
Least developed countries 47 24 60 38 96 10 48 23 78 62 64 55 58 22 13
World 74 56 81 66 359 197 95 64 105 93 85 79 77 58 50
Countries in each region can be found in the Regional summaries country list.
Note: y = Indicates net primary school data derived from household surveys.
Definitions of the indicators
Adult literacy rate - Percentage of persons aged 15 and over
who can read and write.
Gross primary or secondary school enrolment ratio - The number
of children enrolled in a level (primary or secondary), regardless
of age, divided by the population of the age group which officially
corresponds to the same level.
Net primary school enrolment ratio - The number of children enrolled
in primary school, who belong to the age group that officially
corresponds to primary schooling, divided by the total population of
the same age group. Data from household surveys on children attending
school have been used to fill blanks and to replace UNESCO reported
data that are three years or more older than the survey data. Such
data are identified by a 'y'.
Children reaching grade 5 of primary school - Percentage of the
children entering the first grade of primary school who eventually
reach grade 5.
Main data sources
Adult literacy - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO).
Radio and television - United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Net primary school enrolment - United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
(MICS) and Demographic and Health Surveys.
Gross school enrolment and reaching grade 5 - United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Notes
- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in the column heading, differ from the
standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.
y Indicates net primary school data derived from household
surveys.
* * * *
Table 5: Demographic indicators
Average
Population Population annual
(thousands) annual growth rate
1996 growth rate Crude Crude Life Total % of of urban
(%) death rate birth rate expectancy fertility population population (%)
under under rate urbanized
U5MR 18 5 1965-80 1980-96 1970 1996 1970 1996 1970 1996 1996 1996 1965-80 1980-96
rank
AFG Afghanistan 4 9685 3734 1.9 1.6 27 21 52 52 37 45 6.9 20 5.3 3.3
ALB Albania 88 1246 363 2.4 1.5 8 6 33 22 67 71 2.7 38 2.9 2.2
ALG Algeria 92 13138 3900 3.0 2.7 16 6 49 30 53 68 4.0 57 4.0 4.3
AND Andorra 175 15 4 6.4 4.6 - - - - - - - 94 6.2 4.4
ANG Angola 2 6049 2200 2.0 2.9 27 19 49 49 37 47 6.8 32 5.4 5.5
ANT Antigua and Barbuda 127 23 7 0.6 0.5 - 6 26 17 67 75 - 36 0.3 0.8
ARG Argentina 117 12130 3439 1.5 1.4 9 8 23 20 67 73 2.7 88 2.1 1.8
ARM Armenia 108 1213 285 2.3 1.0 6 7 24 15 72 71 1.8 69 3.4 1.3
AUS Australia 175 4601 1312 1.6 1.3 9 7 20 14 71 78 1.9 85 1.9 1.3
ATR Austria 175 1721 463 0.3 0.4 13 10 15 11 70 77 1.4 64 0.2 0.4
AZE Azerbaijan 85 2828 790 2.0 1.3 7 7 29 20 68 71 2.4 56 2.5 1.7
BAH Bahamas 123 96 24 2.7 1.9 7 5 27 18 66 73 2.0 87 2.9 2.8
BRN Bahrain 127 207 65 4.0 3.1 9 4 40 22 62 73 3.1 91 3.8 3.8
BAN Bangladesh 44 57200 13377 2.8 1.9 21 10 48 27 44 57 3.2 19 6.7 5.2
BAR Barbados 152 72 19 0.4 0.3 9 9 22 15 69 76 1.7 48 1.1 1.4
BSR Belarus 139 2655 584 0.8 0.4 9 12 17 11 71 70 1.5 72 3.4 1.9
BEL Belgium 164 2166 594 0.3 0.2 12 11 15 11 71 77 1.6 97 0.4 0.3
BZE Belize 85 106 33 2.1 2.5 8 4 40 32 66 74 3.8 47 1.7 2.2
BEN Benin 31 3050 1024 2.4 3.0 25 13 53 43 43 54 6.0 39 7.6 5.2
BTN Bhutan 36 887 306 2.0 2.1 23 14 43 41 40 52 5.9 6 4.4 5.2
BOL Bolivia 51 3556 1160 2.4 2.2 20 9 45 34 46 61 4.5 62 3.2 4.1
BHG Bosnia and Herzegov 143 933 205 0.9 -0.5 7 7 23 11 66 73 1.4 43 3.9 0.7
BTW Botswana 80 745 237 3.3 3.1 15 12 50 36 52 52 4.6 63 12.5 12.0
BRZ Brazil 79 60228 15626 2.4 1.8 10 7 35 20 59 67 2.3 79 4.3 2.9
BRI Brunei Darussalam 154 118 35 4.2 2.8 7 3 36 23 67 75 2.8 70 5.1 3.7
BUL Bulgaria 136 1903 433 0.5 -0.3 9 13 16 10 71 71 1.5 69 2.4 0.4
UPV Burkina Faso 23 5821 2054 2.3 2.8 25 18 53 46 40 46 6.7 16 5.6 6.9
BRD Burundi 17 3292 1130 1.7 2.6 20 18 44 44 44 46 6.4 8 6.2 6.3
KMP Cambodia 19 4822 1564 0.4 2.9 21 13 42 35 43 53 4.6 21 1.3 6.2
CAM Cameroon 51 6879 2322 2.6 2.8 21 12 45 40 44 56 5.4 46 6.9 5.2
CAN Canada 164 7185 2003 1.5 1.2 7 7 17 13 73 79 1.6 77 1.7 1.3
CVR Cape Verde 65 190 59 1.6 2.0 12 8 41 32 57 66 3.7 56 3.4 7.4
CAR Central African Rep 21 1626 537 2.1 2.3 22 17 43 38 42 49 5.1 40 4.0 3.1
CHD Chad 27 3241 1127 2.0 2.3 26 18 45 42 38 47 5.6 23 6.9 3.5
CLE Chile 149 4961 1465 1.8 1.6 10 6 30 20 62 75 2.5 84 2.6 1.8
CHN China 82 378019 101412 2.1 1.3 9 7 33 17 61 69 1.8 31 2.8 4.2
COL Colombia 104 14640 4303 2.4 2.0 9 6 37 24 61 71 2.8 73 3.6 2.8
COM Comoros 39 336 112 3.1 3.1 19 11 50 42 47 57 5.7 31 5.5 4.9
CBR Congo 48 1392 490 2.7 2.9 20 15 46 43 46 51 6.0 59 4.3 5.2
ZAI Congo, Dem. Rep. 12 25140 9084 2.9 3.4 20 14 48 46 45 53 6.4 29 3.5 3.5
COK Cook Islands 108 8 2 -0.4 0.3 - - - - - - - 63 0.0 1.1
CTR Costa Rica 146 1424 422 2.9 2.7 7 4 35 25 67 77 3.0 50 3.7 3.6
IVC Côte d'Ivoire 25 7192 2239 4.0 3.4 20 14 52 38 44 51 5.3 44 6.7 4.8
CRO Croatia 154 1034 245 0.4 0.2 10 12 15 11 69 72 1.6 56 2.8 0.9
CBA Cuba 159 2867 776 1.5 0.8 7 7 29 14 70 76 1.6 76 2.6 1.5
CYP Cyprus 159 226 63 0.3 1.3 10 8 20 17 71 77 2.3 54 1.6 2.4
CZE Czech Rep. 164 2400 595 0.4 0.0 13 12 16 11 70 73 1.5 66 2.1 0.2
DAN Denmark 175 1108 341 0.5 0.1 10 12 16 13 73 75 1.8 85 1.0 0.3
DJB Djibouti 24 292 96 6.4 4.9 23 15 48 39 40 50 5.5 82 8.4 5.6
DOM Dominica 133 25 7 0.8 -0.3 11 6 26 23 - 73 - 69 2.8 0.3
DMR Dominican Rep. 74 3255 953 2.7 2.1 11 5 42 25 58 71 2.9 63 5.1 3.4
ECU Ecuador 88 4973 1455 2.9 2.4 12 6 42 26 58 70 3.2 60 4.5 3.9
EGY Egypt 58 27791 7800 2.2 2.3 17 7 40 27 51 65 3.5 45 2.7 2.5
ESL El Salvador 88 2565 771 2.7 1.5 12 6 44 29 57 69 3.2 45 3.2 2.1
EQG Equatorial Guinea 18 202 71 -1.5 4.0 25 17 42 42 40 49 5.6 44 -1.2 6.9
ETHB Eritrea 41 1650 569 2.6 2.0 21 15 47 41 43 50 5.5 18 4.8 3.6
EST Estonia 145 358 73 0.9 0.0 11 13 15 10 70 69 1.4 73 1.7 0.3
ETH Ethiopia 16 30615 11257 2.4 2.9 24 17 50 48 40 49 7.0 16 4.5 5.6
FJI Fiji 121 326 87 2.1 1.4 7 5 35 23 64 72 2.8 41 3.1 1.9
FIN Finland 189 1170 326 0.3 0.4 10 10 15 12 70 76 1.8 63 2.4 0.8
FRA France 175 13492 3563 0.7 0.5 11 9 17 12 72 79 1.7 75 1.3 0.6
GAB Gabon 28 487 167 2.2 2.9 21 15 32 37 44 55 5.3 51 5.5 5.5
GAM Gambia 49 535 189 3.1 3.6 28 18 49 41 36 46 5.3 30 5.5 6.2
GEO Georgia 113 1529 405 0.8 0.4 10 9 19 14 68 73 2.0 59 1.7 1.3
GERB Germany 175 15836 3978 0.2 0.3 12 11 14 9 71 76 1.3 87 0.6 0.6
GHA Ghana 47 9110 2987 2.1 3.1 17 11 46 39 49 57 5.4 36 3.3 4.1
GRE Greece 161 2168 517 0.8 0.5 8 10 17 10 72 78 1.4 59 2.1 0.7
GND Grenada 104 33 10 -0.6 0.2 - - - - - - - 37 -0.2 1.0
GUA Guatemala 74 5563 1824 2.8 2.9 15 7 45 37 52 66 5.0 39 3.4 3.2
GUI Guinea 11 4027 1462 1.6 3.3 28 19 52 49 37 46 6.7 30 4.9 6.0
BIS Guinea-Bissau 6 523 181 2.8 2.0 27 21 41 41 36 44 5.5 22 3.9 3.6
GUY Guyana 56 315 92 1.1 0.6 11 8 38 23 60 64 2.4 36 1.4 1.6
HTI Haiti 34 3389 1091 1.7 1.9 19 13 39 34 47 54 4.7 32 3.7 3.9
HLY Holy See - - - - - - - - - - - - 100 - -
HON Honduras 97 2924 939 3.1 3.1 15 6 48 35 53 69 4.5 44 5.1 4.6
HUN Hungary 152 2250 561 0.4 -0.4 11 15 15 11 69 69 1.5 65 1.8 0.4
ICE Iceland 186 78 23 1.1 1.1 7 7 22 17 74 79 2.2 92 1.6 1.3
IND India 46 382891 111216 2.2 2.0 17 9 39 26 49 62 3.2 27 3.6 3.0
IDS Indonesia 67 77807 21884 2.3 1.8 18 8 40 24 48 64 2.7 36 4.6 4.9
IRN Iran 96 35706 11348 3.1 3.6 16 6 45 35 55 69 4.9 60 4.9 4.8
IRQ Iraq 39 10116 3158 3.3 2.9 16 9 48 37 55 61 5.4 75 5.0 3.8
IRE Ireland 164 1039 241 1.1 0.3 11 9 22 13 71 76 1.9 58 2.0 0.5
ISR Israel 161 1950 568 2.8 2.4 7 6 26 21 71 77 2.8 90 3.4 2.5
ITY Italy 164 10492 2686 0.5 0.1 10 10 17 9 72 78 1.2 67 1.0 0.1
JAM Jamaica 154 924 281 1.3 1.0 8 6 35 22 67 74 2.5 54 2.7 1.9
JPN Japan 175 24730 6178 1.1 0.4 7 8 19 10 72 80 1.5 78 1.9 0.6
JDN Jordan 117 2789 960 2.7 4.0 18 5 51 38 54 69 5.3 72 4.4 5.2
KAZ Kazakstan 84 5890 1519 1.5 0.7 9 8 26 19 64 68 2.4 60 2.4 1.4
KEN Kenya 55 14739 4419 3.6 3.2 18 11 53 37 50 54 5.0 30 7.7 7.0
KRB Kiribati 61 37 12 2.0 1.7 - 9 - 28 49 58 - 36 5.0 2.6
DRK Korea, Dem. People' 108 6986 2311 2.5 1.5 10 6 40 21 60 72 2.1 62 4.1 2.0
KOR Korea, Rep. of 164 12646 3387 1.9 1.1 10 6 30 15 60 72 1.7 82 5.7 3.4
KWT Kuwait 147 756 187 7.1 1.3 6 2 47 22 66 76 2.9 100 8.1 2.0
KIR Kyrgyzstan 80 1904 564 2.3 1.3 11 7 31 26 62 68 3.3 39 2.7 1.4
LAO Lao People's Dem. R 35 2574 917 1.8 2.8 23 14 44 45 40 53 6.7 21 5.0 5.7
LAT Latvia 133 609 133 0.7 -0.1 11 14 14 10 70 68 1.5 73 1.6 0.4
LEB Lebanon 88 1223 376 1.4 0.9 11 7 35 25 64 69 2.9 87 4.1 2.0
LES Lesotho 32 1010 326 2.3 2.6 20 11 43 36 48 58 5.0 25 7.3 6.5
LBR Liberia 5 1107 331 3.0 1.1 21 19 49 48 46 48 6.5 48 6.1 3.1
LBY Libya 70 2896 987 4.2 3.8 16 7 49 41 52 65 6.1 86 10.4 5.2
LIE Liechtenstein 164 7 2 2.2 1.3 - - - - - - - 19 1.5 1.1
LIT Lithuania 139 957 229 0.9 0.5 9 12 17 11 71 70 1.6 72 3.0 1.6
LUX Luxembourg 164 88 26 0.6 0.8 12 10 13 13 70 76 1.7 90 2.1 1.6
MAD Madagascar 21 8185 2761 2.6 3.3 19 10 47 42 45 58 5.8 27 5.3 5.8
MLW Malawi 8 5266 1868 2.9 2.9 25 22 56 49 40 41 6.8 14 7.1 5.6
MLY Malaysia 149 8916 2668 2.5 2.5 10 5 37 26 61 72 3.4 54 4.7 4.1
MAL Maldives 61 140 47 2.5 3.2 17 8 40 42 50 64 6.8 27 6.6 4.5
MLI Mali 7 5995 2183 2.2 3.0 26 18 51 48 38 47 6.8 28 4.8 5.5
MLT Malta 154 98 26 0.4 0.8 9 8 17 14 70 77 2.1 89 1.2 1.3
MSI Marshall Islands 54 26 8 3.4 3.0 - - - - - - - 70 2.4 4.3
MTA Mauritania 15 1157 380 2.3 2.6 22 13 45 39 43 53 5.1 53 9.7 6.7
MTS Mauritius 123 377 111 1.7 1.0 7 7 29 20 62 71 2.3 41 2.6 0.7
MEX Mexico 102 38611 11234 3.0 2.0 10 5 44 25 61 72 2.9 74 4.2 2.6
FSM Micronesia, Fed. St 116 58 19 3.1 2.6 - 7 - 33 58 - - 29 3.7 3.4
MOL Moldova, Rep. of 102 1382 327 1.2 0.6 10 11 19 14 65 68 1.9 52 3.7 2.3
MON Monaco 175 7 2 1.4 1.1 - - - - - - - 100 1.4 1.1
MGL Mongolia 67 1135 314 2.8 2.6 14 7 42 28 53 65 3.4 61 4.2 3.6
MOR Morocco 64 11526 3375 2.5 2.1 17 7 47 26 52 66 3.3 53 4.2 3.6
MOZ Mozambique 9 9114 3193 2.5 2.4 22 18 46 43 42 47 6.2 35 9.5 8.6
BUR Myanmar 25 19055 5675 2.2 1.9 17 10 40 28 49 59 3.4 26 3.1 2.5
NMB Namibia 60 767 252 2.6 2.7 18 12 43 36 48 56 5.0 37 4.6 5.7
NAU Nauru 104 5 2 2.2 2.8 - - - - - - - 100 2.2 2.8
NEP Nepal 42 10887 3593 2.3 2.6 22 12 45 37 42 56 5.1 11 6.5 5.7
NET Netherlands 175 3394 976 0.9 0.6 8 9 17 12 74 78 1.6 89 1.2 0.6
NZD New Zealand 164 988 292 1.1 0.9 9 8 22 16 72 77 2.1 86 1.5 1.1
NIC Nicaragua 73 2130 659 3.1 2.6 14 6 48 34 54 68 4.0 63 4.6 3.6
NIG Niger 1 5197 1931 2.8 3.3 26 18 58 51 38 48 7.2 19 6.9 5.8
NGR Nigeria 14 59722 21052 2.6 2.9 21 14 46 43 43 52 6.1 41 5.7 5.5
NIU Niue - 1 0 - - - - - - - - - 50 - -
NOR Norway 175 1000 298 0.6 0.4 10 11 17 14 74 77 1.9 73 2.0 0.6
OMN Oman 139 1233 444 3.9 4.4 21 4 50 44 47 70 7.2 78 14.6 10.1
PAK Pakistan 33 68346 22773 2.7 3.1 19 8 48 37 49 63 5.2 35 3.8 4.5
PAL Palau 97 8 3 2.7 2.2 - - - - - - - 71 3.1 2.5
PAN Panama 133 1040 305 2.7 2.0 8 5 37 23 65 74 2.7 56 3.5 2.6
PAP Papua New Guinea 44 2014 637 2.4 2.2 18 10 42 33 46 57 4.8 16 8.6 3.6
PAR Paraguay 100 2361 743 2.7 2.9 9 6 37 32 66 69 4.3 53 3.6 4.4
PER Peru 72 10074 2901 2.8 2.0 14 7 42 26 54 68 3.1 71 4.2 2.6
PHI Philippines 93 30923 9602 2.7 2.3 10 6 39 29 57 68 3.7 55 3.9 4.7
POL Poland 147 10589 2422 0.8 0.5 8 11 17 12 70 71 1.7 64 1.8 1.1
POR Portugal 164 2146 557 0.4 0.0 11 11 20 11 67 75 1.5 36 1.8 1.3
QTR Qatar 132 175 50 7.9 5.6 13 4 34 19 61 71 3.9 92 8.6 6.0
ROM Romania 117 5646 1195 1.0 0.1 9 11 20 11 69 70 1.4 56 2.8 1.0
RUS Russian Federation 117 37115 7389 0.6 0.4 9 14 15 10 69 65 1.4 76 1.8 1.0
RWA Rwanda 19 2880 950 3.2 0.3 21 27 53 43 44 36 6.2 6 6.8 1.9
STK Saint Kitts and Nev 93 15 4 -0.7 -0.4 11 12 - 20 - 69 - 34 0.4 -0.8
STL Saint Lucia 127 51 15 1.3 1.4 - 6 41 28 62 71 - 38 1.0 1.4
STV Saint Vincent/Grena 123 40 12 1.0 0.9 - 7 - 22 63 72 - 50 5.4 4.6
WTS Samoa 77 75 20 1.2 0.4 12 6 44 27 57 69 3.9 22 1.9 0.5
SAN San Marino 149 5 1 1.4 1.1 - - - - - - - 96 4.2 2.2
STP Sao Tome and Princi 57 71 25 2.2 2.3 - 7 - 35 - 69 - 44 5.3 4.4
SDA Saudi Arabia 108 9033 2977 4.6 4.2 18 4 48 35 52 71 6.0 84 8.2 5.7
SEN Senegal 36 4359 1470 2.8 2.7 25 15 49 42 39 51 5.8 44 3.4 4.0
SEY Seychelles 136 39 13 2.0 1.0 - 7 - 22 - 72 - 55 4.9 3.1
SRL Sierra Leone 3 2163 765 1.9 1.8 30 27 49 47 34 37 6.2 34 5.5 4.0
SIN Singapore 189 888 294 1.7 2.1 5 5 23 16 69 77 1.8 100 1.7 2.1
SLK Slovakia 154 1468 348 0.9 0.4 10 11 19 12 70 71 1.6 59 3.1 1.3
SLV Slovenia 175 426 92 0.8 0.3 10 11 17 10 70 73 1.3 52 3.4 0.7
SOL Solomon Islands 113 199 65 3.4 3.4 10 4 46 37 60 71 5.1 18 4.6 6.6
SOM Somalia 10 5308 1941 3.1 2.4 24 17 50 50 40 48 7.0 26 3.9 3.4
SAF South Africa 69 18378 5761 2.6 2.3 14 8 39 30 53 65 3.9 50 2.7 2.5
SPN Spain 186 8172 1935 1.1 0.3 9 9 20 10 72 78 1.2 77 2.2 0.7
SRI Sri Lanka 136 6382 1588 1.9 1.3 8 6 30 18 65 73 2.1 22 2.4 1.5
SUD Sudan 42 13026 3999 2.8 2.4 21 12 47 34 43 54 4.7 32 5.6 5.4
SUR Suriname 104 173 50 0.4 1.2 8 6 37 23 63 71 2.5 50 0.1 1.9
SZD Swaziland 53 439 144 2.8 2.8 19 10 48 37 46 59 4.6 32 9.5 6.5
SWD Sweden 189 1963 584 0.5 0.4 10 11 14 12 74 78 1.9 83 1.0 0.4
SWZ Switzerland 186 1500 423 0.5 0.8 9 9 16 11 73 78 1.5 61 1.0 1.3
SYR Syria 100 7485 2103 3.3 3.2 14 5 47 31 56 68 4.2 53 4.3 4.0
TAD Tajikistan 61 2842 835 3.0 2.5 10 7 40 31 63 67 4.0 32 2.9 2.2
TNZ Tanzania 29 16154 5479 3.0 3.2 19 14 50 42 45 51 5.6 25 9.9 6.5
MCD TFYR Macedonia 108 636 164 1.3 1.2 8 7 25 15 66 72 2.0 60 3.2 1.9
THL Thailand 93 19529 4830 2.8 1.4 10 6 38 17 58 69 1.8 20 4.7 2.5
TGO Togo 38 2197 766 3.2 3.0 20 15 46 43 44 50 6.2 31 7.9 4.9
TGA Tonga 123 41 12 1.5 0.4 - 6 - 28 - 69 - 42 2.6 3.9
TDT Trinidad and Tobago 143 467 108 1.3 1.1 7 6 28 17 66 73 2.2 72 1.2 2.0
TUN Tunisia 97 3742 1044 2.2 2.2 14 6 39 24 54 69 3.0 63 4.0 3.4
TUR Turkey 82 22986 6388 2.4 2.1 13 7 37 22 56 68 2.6 71 4.0 5.0
TUK Turkmenistan 58 1887 570 2.8 2.3 11 8 38 30 60 65 3.7 45 2.8 2.1
TUV Tuvalu 74 4 1 1.9 1.4 - - - - - - - 40 4.6 4.3
UGD Uganda 30 11239 4066 3.3 2.7 19 21 50 51 46 41 7.1 13 5.3 5.1
UKR Ukraine 121 12377 2771 0.7 0.2 9 14 15 10 71 69 1.5 71 2.0 1.0
UAE United Arab Emirate 139 781 213 13.0 5.0 11 3 36 19 61 75 3.6 84 15.6 6.0
UKD United Kingdom 164 13333 3681 0.2 0.2 12 11 16 12 72 77 1.7 89 0.4 0.2
USA United States 163 70382 20014 1.0 1.0 9 9 17 14 71 76 2.0 76 1.1 1.2
URG Uruguay 127 941 263 0.5 0.6 10 10 21 17 69 73 2.3 90 0.9 1.0
UZB Uzbekistan 71 10614 3162 3.0 2.3 10 7 36 29 63 68 3.6 41 3.9 2.4
VAN Vanuatu 77 86 27 3.0 2.5 14 6 46 34 53 67 4.5 19 6.4 2.8
VNZ Venezuela 115 9411 2770 3.4 2.4 7 5 38 26 65 72 3.1 86 4.5 3.0
SVN Viet Nam 85 32318 9558 2.2 2.1 15 7 38 26 49 67 3.1 19 3.3 2.2
YMN Yemen 50 8498 3084 2.3 4.0 23 11 53 48 41 57 7.6 34 6.3 7.4
YUGB Yugoslavia, Fed. Re 127 2678 655 0.8 0.5 9 10 19 13 68 72 1.8 57 3.0 1.8
ZAM Zambia 13 4562 1483 3.1 2.3 19 18 49 43 46 43 5.6 43 6.6 2.8
ZIM Zimbabwe 65 5822 1951 3.1 3.0 16 14 50 38 50 49 4.8 33 6.0 5.3
Regional summaries
Sub-Saharan Africa 298349 103119 2.7 2.9 21 15 48 43 44 51 5.9 32 5.2 5.0
Middle East and North Af 150639 46229 2.9 3.0 17 7 45 32 52 65 4.5 56 4.8 4.3
South Asia 536418 156634 2.3 2.1 18 9 41 28 48 61 3.5 27 3.8 3.4
East Asia and Pacific 598624 165346 2.2 1.5 11 7 35 19 58 68 2.1 33 3.4 4.1
Latin America and Caribb 189383 53761 2.5 1.9 10 6 37 23 60 69 2.8 74 3.8 2.7
CEE/CIS and Baltic State 137929 33210 1.1 0.7 9 11 20 14 66 68 1.9 67 2.3 1.7
Industrialized countries 191260 51706 0.8 0.6 10 9 17 12 72 77 1.7 78 1.2 0.8
Developing countries 1827055 540175 2.3 2.0 14 9 38 26 53 62 3.2 38 3.9 3.8
Least developed countrie 298758 97112 2.5 2.5 22 14 48 40 43 51 5.3 23 5.4 5.0
World 2102602 610005 2.0 1.7 13 9 32 23 56 63 2.9 46 2.8 2.8
Countries in each region can be found in the Regional summaries country list.
Definitions of the indicators
Life expectancy at birth - The number of years newborn
children would live if subject to the mortality risks
prevailing for the cross-section of population at the time of
their birth.
Crude death rate - Annual number of deaths per 1,000 population.
Crude birth rate - Annual number of births per 1,000 population.
Total fertility rate - The number of children that would be born per
woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and
bear children at each age in accordance with prevailing age-specific
fertility rates.
Urban population - Percentage of population living in urban areas as
defined according to the national definition used in the most recent
population census.
Main data sources
Life expectancy - United Nations Population Division.
Child population - United Nations Population Division.
Crude death and birth rates - United Nations Population Division.
Fertility - United Nations Population Division.
Urban population - United Nations Population Division.
Notes
- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in the column heading, differ from the
standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.
* * * *
Table 6: Economic indicators
GNP per capita Annual % of % of central government ODA inflow Debt service
GNP per average annual Rate of population expenditure allocated to ODA inflow as a % of as a % of
capita growth rate (%) inflation below $1 (1990-96) in millions recipient exports of
(US$) (%) a day US$ GNP goods and services
U5MR 1995 1965-80 1985-95 1985-95 1990-96 health education defense 1995 1995 1970 1995
rank
Afghanistan 4 250x 0.6 - - - - - - 214 5 - -
Albania 88 670 - -6.0x 27 - 6 2 7 179 8 - 1
Algeria 92 1600 4.2 -2.4 23 2 - - - 310 1 3 37
Andorra 175 c - - - - - - - - - - -
Angola 2 410 - -6.1 170 - 6x 15x 34x 423 10 - 15
Antigua and Barbud 127 6980x - 2.7 4 - - - - 2 0 - 2
Argentina 117 8030 1.7 1.8 256 - 2 5 7 222 0 22 26
Armenia 108 730 - -15.1 183 - - - - 213 8 - 1
Australia 175 18720 2.2 1.4 4 - 13 8 7 - - - -
Austria 175 26890 4.0 1.9 3 - 14 10 2 - - - -
Azerbaijan 85 480 - -16.3 279 - - - - 109 3 - 1
Bahamas 123 11940 - -0.8 3 - 15 19 3 4 0 - -
Bahrain 127 7840 - 0.2 0 - 9 13 17 49 1 - 2
Bangladesh 44 240 -0.3 2.1 6 - 5x 11x 10x 1269 4 0 15
Barbados 152 6560 - 0.8 3 - - - - -1 -0 - 10
Belarus 139 2070 - -5.2 309 - 2 18 4 - - - 2
Belgium 164 24710 3.6 2.2 3 - 2x 12x 5x - - - -
Belize 85 2630 - 3.9 4 - 13 20 5 16 4 - -
Benin 31 370 -0.3 -0.3 3 - 6x 31x 17x 276 14 2 13
Bhutan 36 420 - 4.9 8 - 8 10 - 73 25 - 10
Bolivia 51 800 1.7 1.8 18 7 6 19 8 692 12 11 26
Bosnia and Herzego 143 a - - - - - - - - - - -
Botswana 80 3020 9.9 6.1 12 35 5 21 12 92 2 1 4
Brazil 79 3640 6.3 -0.8 875 29 5 3 3 366 0 12 29
Brunei Darussalam 154 25160 - - 0 - - - - 4 0 - -
Bulgaria 136 1330 - -2.6 46 3 3 4 6 - - - 11
Burkina Faso 23 230 1.7 -0.2 3 - 7 17 14 483 20 4 17
Burundi 17 160 2.4 -1.3 6 - 4x 16x 16x 288 29 4 22
Cambodia 19 270 - 2.0 71 - - - - 567 21 - 2
Cameroon 51 650 2.4 -6.6 2 - 5 18 9 444 5 3 17
Canada 164 19380 3.3 0.4 3 - 5 3 6 - - - -
Cape Verde 65 960 - 2.1 7 - - - - 111 30 - -
Central African Re 21 340 0.8 -2.4 4 - - - - 161 14 5 3
Chad 27 180 -1.9 0.6 3 - 8x 8x - 237 21 4 7x
Chile 149 4160 0.0 6.1 18 15 12 15 9 159 0 19 15
China 82 620 4.1 8.3 9 29 0 2 12 3521 0 0 10
Colombia 104 1910 3.7 2.6 25 7 5 19 9 231 0 12 27
Comoros 39 470 - -1.4 4 - - - - 43 18 - 2
Congo 48 680 2.7 -3.2 2 - - - - 125 7 11 11
Congo, Dem. Rep. 12 120 -1.3 -8.5 - - 1 1 4 189 4 5 6x
Cook Islands 108 1550x - - - - - - - 13 16 - -
Costa Rica 146 2610 3.3 2.8 18 19 21 17 - 25 0 10 15
Côte d'Ivoire 25 660 2.8 -4.3 4 18 4x 21x 4x 1200 13 7 18
Croatia 154 3250 - - - - 15 7 21 - - - 2
Cuba 159 1170x - - - - 23x 10x - 64 0x - -
Cyprus 159 10260x - 4.6 4 - 6 11 3 22 0 - -
Czech Rep. 164 3870 - -1.8 12 3 17 12 6 - - - 8
Denmark 175 29890 2.2 1.5 3 - 1 9 4 - - - -
Djibouti 24 780x - - - - - - - 103 - - 7
Dominica 133 2990 - 4.1 4 - - - - 24 11 - 6
Dominican Rep. 74 1460 3.8 2.1 26 20 10 12 5 124 1 4 16
Ecuador 88 1390 5.4 0.8 46 30 11 18 13 235 1 9 21
Egypt 58 790 2.8 1.1 16 8 2 12 9 2017 4 26 21
El Salvador 88 1610 1.5 2.8 15 - 8 13 8 304 3 4 13
Equatorial Guinea 18 380 - 2.3 4 - - - - 33 22 - 1
Eritrea 41 100x - - - - - - - 145 46x - -
Estonia 145 2860 - -4.3 77 6 17 9 3 - - - 0
Ethiopia 16 100 0.4 -0.3 6 34 5 14 20 876 15 11 20
Fiji 121 2440 - 2.0 5 - 9 18 6 43 2 - 4
Finland 189 20580 3.6 -0.2 4 - 3 11 4 - - - -
France 175 24990 3.7 1.5 3 - 16 7 6 - - - -
Gabon 28 3490 5.6 -8.2 5 - - - - 143 4 6 13
Gambia 49 320 - 0.3 9 - 7 12 4 46 13 1 11
Georgia 113 440 - -17.0 310 - - - - 209 9 - 4
Germany 175 27510 3.0x 1.9x 3 - 17 1 7 - - - -
Ghana 47 390 -0.8 1.4 29 - 7 22 5 644 10 5 15
Greece 161 8210 4.8 1.3 15 - 7 9 9 - - 9 17
Grenada 104 2980 - - 5 - 10 17 - 10 4 - 13
Guatemala 74 1340 3.0 0.3 19 53 11 19 15 213 1 7 11
Guinea 11 550 1.3 1.4 17 26 3x 11x 29x 392 11 - 13
Guinea-Bissau 6 250 -2.7 2.0 63 87 1x 3x 4x 119 45 - 30
Guyana 56 590 - 0.6 51 - - - - 88 18 - 19
Haiti 34 250 0.9 -5.2 15 - - - - 733 41 5 14
Holy See - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Honduras 97 600 1.1 0.1 14 47 10x 19x 7x 411 12 3 32
Hungary 152 4120 5.1 -1.0 20 1 8 3 4 - - - 31
Iceland 186 24950 - 1.0 12 - 23 12 - - - - -
India 46 340 1.5 3.2 10 53 2 2 14 1738 1 21 23
Indonesia 67 980 5.2 6.0 9 15 3 10 7 1389 1 7 23
Iran 96 1033x 2.9 -1.5 24 - 9 16 6 183 0 - 19x
Iraq 39 1036x - - - - - - - 326 2x - -
Ireland 164 14710 2.8 5.2 3 - 14 13 3 - - - -
Israel 161 15920 3.7 2.5 17 - 9 13 18 336 0 3 -
Italy 164 19020 3.2 1.8 6 - 11x 8x 4x - - - -
Jamaica 154 1510 -0.1 3.6 28 5 7x 11x 8x 108 3 3 17
Japan 175 39640 5.1 2.9 1 - 2 6 4 - - - -
Jordan 117 1510 5.8x -4.5 7 3 8 16 21 536 8 4 21
Kazakstan 84 1330 - -8.6 307 - - - - 58 0 - 3
Kenya 55 280 3.1 0.1 13 50 5 19 6 707 9 6 23
Kiribati 61 920 - -0.6 4 - - - - 15 21 - -
Korea, Dem. People 108 970x - - - - - - - 14 0x - -
Korea, Rep. of 164 9700 7.3 7.7 7 - 1 21 17 58 0 20 3
Kuwait 147 17390 0.6x 1.1 -1 - 6 11 25 6 0 - -
Kyrgyzstan 80 700 - -6.9 172 19 - - - 283 9 - 7
Lao People's Dem. 35 350 - 2.7 23 - - - - 311 18 - 8x
Latvia 133 2270 - -6.6 73 - 6 15 3 - - - 1
Lebanon 88 2660 - 2.7 46 - - - - 188 2 - 16
Lesotho 32 770 6.8 1.2 13 50 13 21 6 114 8 1 17
Liberia 5 490x 0.5 - - - 5x 11x 9x 121 11 8 -
Libya 70 5540x 0.0 - - - - - - 7 0 - -
Liechtenstein 164 c - - - - - - - - - - -
Lithuania 139 1900 - -11.7 151 2 7 7 2 - - - 0
Luxembourg 164 41210 - 0.9 5 - 2 9 1 - - - -
Madagascar 21 230 -0.4 -2.2 18 72 6 11 5 301 9 32 7
Malawi 8 170 3.2 -0.7 22 - 7x 12x 5x 429 26 8 22
Malaysia 149 3890 4.7 5.7 3 6 6 22 13 114 0 4 3
Maldives 61 990 - 5.9 9 - 8 16 - 55 22 - -
Mali 7 250 2.1x 0.8 5 - 2x 9x 8x 542 22 1 7
Malta 154 7910x - 5.1 3 - 11 12 2 9 0 - -
Marshall Islands 54 1680x - - 5 - - - - 39 41 - -
Mauritania 15 460 -0.1 0.5 7 31 4x 23x - 220 21 3 19
Mauritius 123 3380 3.7 5.4 9 - 9 17 2 23 1 3 5
Mexico 102 3320 3.6 0.1 37 15 3 27 4 379 0 24 19
Micronesia, Fed. S 116 2010 - - 5 - - - - 77 36 - -
Moldova, Rep. of 102 920 - -8.2 - 7 - - - - - - 5
Monaco 175 c - - - - - - - - - - -
Mongolia 67 310 - -3.8 52 - 4 7 12 208 27 - 9x
Morocco 64 1110 2.7 0.9 5 1 3 18 14 494 2 8 39
Mozambique 9 80 - 3.6 52 - 5x 10x 35x 1102 81 - 58
Myanmar 25 220x 1.6 0.4 26 - 4 12 37 152 2x 18 15x
Namibia 60 2000 - 2.9 10 - 10 22 7 188 6 - -
Nauru 104 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Nepal 42 200 - 2.4 12 53 5 14 4 430 10 3 8
Netherlands 175 24000 2.7 1.9 2 - 15 11 4 - - - -
New Zealand 164 14340 1.7 0.8 4 - 16 15 4 - - - -
Nicaragua 73 380 -0.7 -5.4 962 44 13 15 6 662 40 11 57
Niger 1 220 -2.5 -2.1 1 62 - - - 268 14 4 9x
Nigeria 14 260 4.2 1.2 33 29 1x 3x 3x 208 1 4 22
Niue - - - - - - - - - 8 - - -
Norway 175 31250 3.6 1.7 3 - 4 7 7 - - - -
Oman 139 4820 9.0 0.3 -0 - 6 13 35 59 1 - 8
Pakistan 33 460 1.8 1.2 9 12 1 2 31 805 1 22 29
Palau 97 790x - - - - - - - 142 - - -
Panama 133 2750 2.8 -0.4 2 26 18 17 5 50 1 8 8
Papua New Guinea 44 1160 - 2.3 5 - 8 15 4 372 7 1 10
Paraguay 100 1690 4.1 1.2 25 - 7 22 11 146 2 12 8
Peru 72 2310 0.8 -1.6 399 49 5 16 11 428 1 12 13
Philippines 93 1050 3.2 1.5 10 28 3 16 11 884 1 8 16
Poland 147 2790 - 1.2 92 7 - - - - - - 6
Portugal 164 9740 4.6 3.6 11 - 9x 11x 6x - - 7 16
Qatar 132 11600 - -4.2 - - - - - 3 0 - -
Romania 117 1480 - -3.8 69 18 8 10 7 - - 0 4
Russian Federation 117 2240 - -5.1 149 1 2 2 12 - - - 8
Rwanda 19 180 1.6 -5.4 11 46 5x 26x - 711 63 1 28
Saint Kitts and Ne 93 5170 - 4.8 6 - - - - 4 2 - -
Saint Lucia 127 3370 - 3.9 3 - - - - 47 9 - -
Saint Vincent/Gren 123 2280 - 3.8 4 - 13 17 - 47 19 - -
Samoa 77 1120 - 0.2 11 - - - - 43 23 - -
San Marino 149 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sao Tome and Princ 57 350 - -2.1 40 - - - - 78 174 - 17
Saudi Arabia 108 7040 4.0x -1.9 3 - 6x 14x 36x 21 0 - 1
Senegal 36 600 -0.5 -1.2 4 54 - - - 663 13 4 12
Seychelles 136 6620 - 4.2 3 - 8 12 4 13 3 - 7
Sierra Leone 3 180 0.7 -3.6 62 - 10 13 10 205 27 11 27
Singapore 189 26730 8.3 6.2 4 - 7 23 29 16 0 1 -
Slovakia 154 2950 - -2.8 11 13 - - - - - - 6
Slovenia 175 8200 - - - - - - - - - - 3
Solomon Islands 113 910 - 3.2 12 - - - - 47 14 - -
Somalia 10 110x -0.1 -2.3x 75 - 1x 2x 38x 191 20 2 7x
South Africa 69 3160 3.2 -1.1 14 24 - - - 384 0 - 5
Spain 186 13580 4.1 2.6 6 - 6 4 3 - - - -
Sri Lanka 136 700 2.8 2.6 12 4 6 10 15 553 4 11 11
Sudan 42 310x 0.8 0.6 63 - - - - 225 3 11 0x
Suriname 104 880 - 3.5 49 - - - - 77 21 - -
Swaziland 53 1170 - -1.4 12 - - - - 54 5 - 2
Sweden 189 23750 2.0 -0.1 6 - 0 5 6 - - - -
Switzerland 186 40630 1.5 0.2 3 - 20x 3x 6x - - - -
Syria 100 1120 5.1 0.9 16 - 3 9 28 347 2 11 3x
Tajikistan 61 340 - -13.0 147 - - - - 65 3 - -
Tanzania 29 120 0.8 1.0 32 16 6x 8x 16x 875 24 1 16
TFYR Macedonia 108 860 - - - - - - - - - - 7
Thailand 93 2740 4.4 8.4 5 0 8 22 14 863 1 3 3
Togo 38 310 1.7 -2.7 3 - 5x 20x 11x 188 15 3 5
Tonga 123 1630 - 0.5 8 - 7 13 - 38 22 - -
Trinidad and Tobag 143 3770 3.1 -1.7 7 - - - - 26 1 5 16
Tunisia 97 1820 4.7 1.9 6 4 6 17 6 69 0 18 17
Turkey 82 2780 3.6 2.2 65 - 3 12 10 303 0 16 27
Turkmenistan 58 920 - -9.6 381 5 - - - 26 1 - 4x
Tuvalu 74 650x - - - - - - - 8 - - -
Uganda 30 240 -2.2 2.7 66 50 2x 15x 26x 805 17 3 18
Ukraine 121 1630 - -9.2 363 - - - - - - - 2x
United Arab Emirat 139 17400 - -2.8 - - 7 17 37 8 0 - -
United Kingdom 164 18700 2.0 1.4 5 - 14 5 8 - - - -
United States 163 26980 1.8 1.3 3 - 19 2 17 - - - -
Uruguay 127 5170 2.5 3.1 71 - 6 7 7 81 0 22 22
Uzbekistan 71 970 - -3.9 239 - - - - 81 0 - 3
Vanuatu 77 1200 - -1.1 6 - - - - 46 23 - -
Venezuela 115 3020 2.3 0.5 38 12 10x 20x 6x 49 0 3 17
Viet Nam 85 240 - 4.2 88 - - - - 826 5 - 4
Yemen 50 260 - - - - 5 21 30 173 4 - 5
Yugoslavia, Fed. R 127 b - - - - - - - - - - -
Zambia 13 400 -1.2 -0.8 92 85 14 15 - 2029 56 6 24
Zimbabwe 65 540 1.7 -0.6 21 41 8x 24x 17x 490 8 2 20x
Regional summaries
Sub-Saharan Africa 501 2.8 -0.9 20 36 5 14 10 17379 6 6 11
Middle East and North A 1710 3.1 -0.9 14 6 15 21 5146 1 12 13
South Asia 345 1.4 2.8 10 47 2 3 16 5137 1 17 22
East Asia and Pacific 1043 4.9 7.4 9 26 2 12 14 9818 0 6 7
Latin America and Carib 3271 4.0 0.5 406 24 5 11 5 6026 0 13 21
CEE/CIS and Baltic Stat 2086 -3.3 139 4 4 7 10 - - 9
Industrialized countrie 25926 2.9 1.8 3 12 4 9 - - -
Developing countries 1101 3.7 2.9 141 32 4 11 12 45181 1 11 13
Least developed countri 220 -0.1 0.0 30 5 13 15 16465 14 6 14
World 4812 3.1 1.9 32 30 11 6 10 45377 1 11 12
Countries in each region can be found in the Regional summaries country list.
a: Range $765 or less
b: Range $766 to $3035
c: Range $9386 or more
Definitions of the indicators
GNP per capita - Gross national product (GNP) is the sum of gross
value added by all resident producers, plus any taxes that are not
included in the valuation of output, plus net receipts of primary
income from non-resident sources. GNP per capita is the gross
national product, converted to United States dollars using the
World Bank Atlas method, divided by the mid-year population.
% of population below $1 a day - Percentage of population living on
less than $1 a day at 1985 international prices, adjusted for
purchasing power parity.
ODA - Official development assistance.
Debt service - The sum of interest payments and repayments of
principal on external public and publicly guaranteed long-term debts.
Main data sources
GNP per capita - World Bank.
% of population below $1 a day - World Bank.
Expenditure on health, education and defence - International Monetary
Fund (IMF).
ODA - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Debt service - World Bank.
Notes
a: Range US$765 or less.
b: Range US$766 to 3035.
c: Range US$9386 or more.
- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in the column heading, differ from the
standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.
* * * *
Table 7: Women % of births
% of attended
Life expectancy Adult literacy rate Enrolment ratios Contraceptive pregnant women by trained Maternal
females as a females as a females as a % of males prevalence immunized against health mortality
% of males % of males 1990-95 (%) tetanus personnel rate
U5MR 1996 1995 primary school secondary school 1990-97 1995-96 1990-96 1990
rank
Afghanistan 4 102 32 51 34 2x 37 9x 1700
Albania 88 109 - 101 103 - - 99x 65
Algeria 92 104 66 88 88 57 34 77 160
Andorra 175 - - - - - - - -
Angola 2 107 52x 92 - 1x 28 15x 1500
Antigua and Barbud 127 92 - - - 53x - 90x -
Argentina 117 110 100 99 107 74x 63 97 100
Armenia 108 110 99 107 113 - - - 50
Australia 175 108 - 99 104 76x - 100 9
Austria 175 110 - 100 95 71x - 100 10
Azerbaijan 85 112 99 96 98 - - - 22
Bahamas 123 110 99 103 100 62x 75x 100x 100
Bahrain 127 106 89 103 103 54x 54 97 60
Bangladesh 44 100 53 87 52 49 72 14 850
Barbados 152 107 99 101 89x 55x 100 98x 43
Belarus 139 117 99 97 105 50 - 100x 37
Belgium 164 108 - 101 101 79 - 100x 10
Belize 85 104 100x 96 113 47 88 77 -
Benin 31 110 53 50 41 9x 75 45x 990
Bhutan 36 106 50 61x 29x 19 70 15 1600
Bolivia 51 107 84 91 85 45 52 47 650
Bosnia and Herzego 143 109 - - - - - - -
Botswana 80 106 74 101 107 33x 61 78x 250
Brazil 79 113 100 96x 116x 77 45 88 220
Brunei Darussalam 154 107 89 94 109 - 50x 98 60
Bulgaria 136 110 99 95 106 76x - 100x 27
Burkina Faso 23 104 30 65 50 8 27 42 930
Burundi 17 107 47 82 63 9x 33 19x 1300
Cambodia 19 106 66x 82 58 - 36 47x 900
Cameroon 51 106 69 90 69 16 12 64 550
Canada 164 108 - 98 100 73x - 99x 6
Cape Verde 65 103 79 98 93 15x 4 30x -
Central African Re 21 111 75 63x 35x 15 15 46 700
Chad 27 107 56 48 23 1x 50 15 1500
Chile 149 108 100 98 106 43x - 98x 65
China 82 104 81 97 85 83 13 84 95
Colombia 104 107 100 102 119 72 57 85 100
Comoros 39 102 78 85 81 21 34 52 950
Congo 48 110 81 - - - 55 - 890
Congo, Dem. Rep. 12 106 78 74 45 8 20 - 870
Cook Islands 108 - - - - 50 64 99 -
Costa Rica 146 107 100 98 109 75 90 93x 55
Côte d'Ivoire 25 106 60 76 52 11 22 45 810
Croatia 154 112 99 99 108 - 91 - -
Cuba 159 105 99 99 113 70x 61x 90x 95
Cyprus 159 107 93x 100 102 - 57x 100x 5
Czech Rep. 164 109 - 100 104 69 - - 15
Denmark 175 107 - 100 104 78x - 100x 9
Djibouti 24 106 55 77 67 - 39 79x 570
Dominica 133 96 - - - 50x - 96x -
Dominican Rep. 74 106 100 101 138 64 96 96 110
Ecuador 88 107 96 98 104 57 25 64 150
Egypt 58 105 61 87 87 48 55 46 170
El Salvador 88 109 95 101 111 53 69 87 300
Equatorial Guinea 18 106 76 - - - 63 58x 820
Eritrea 41 106 - 80 68 8 23 21 1400
Estonia 145 117 100 97 98 70 - - 41
Ethiopia 16 106 54 64 91 4 36 14x 1400
Fiji 121 107 95 99 102 32x 100 96x 90
Finland 189 110 - 100 118 80x - 100 11
France 175 112 - 98 103 75 - 99 15
Gabon 28 108 72 - - - 4 80x 500
Gambia 49 107 47 71 52 12 92 44 1100
Georgia 113 112 99 99 93 - - - 33
Germany 175 110 - 101 99 75 - 99x 22
Ghana 47 105 71 84 64 20 9 44 740
Greece 161 107 97 100 97 - - 97x 10
Grenada 104 - - - - 54 80 81x -
Guatemala 74 108 78 88 92 31 81 35 200
Guinea 11 102 44 49 33 2 43 31 1600
Guinea-Bissau 6 107 63 55x 44x 1x 43 27x 910
Guyana 56 110 99 98x 105x 0x 56 90x -
Haiti 34 106 88 93 95 18 49 21 1000
Holy See - - - - - - - - -
Honduras 97 107 100 101 128 47 99 88 220
Hungary 152 114 100 100 105 73x - 99x 30
Iceland 186 105 - 96 100 - - 100x 0
India 46 100 58 81 64 41 78 34 570
Indonesia 67 105 87 97 84 55 75 36 650
Iran 96 101 76 93 82 73 50 77 120
Iraq 39 105 63 85 64 18x 65 54x 310
Ireland 164 107 - 100 105 - - - 10
Israel 161 104 96x 100 107 - - 99x 7
Italy 164 108 99 101 101 78x - - 12
Jamaica 154 107 110 99 113 62 82 82x 120
Japan 175 108 - 100 101 59 - 100x 18
Jordan 117 106 85 101 104 35 41 87 150
Kazakstan 84 116 99 100 103 59 - 99 80
Kenya 55 108 81 99 82 33 21 45 650
Kiribati 61 92 - - - 28 41 72 -
Korea, Dem. People 108 109 - 94x - - 95 100x 70
Korea, Rep. of 164 112 98 101 99 79 - 98 130
Kuwait 147 105 91 100 98 35x 21 99x 29
Kyrgyzstan 80 114 96 101 106 - - - 110
Lao People's Dem. 35 106 64 75 61 19 45 - 650
Latvia 133 117 100 95 106 - 64 - 40
Lebanon 88 104 95 96 111 55x - 45x 300
Lesotho 32 105 77 112 148 23 10 40x 610
Liberia 5 107 41 55x 39x 6x 35 58x 560
Libya 70 106 72 100 100 - 45x 76x 220
Liechtenstein 164 - 100x - - - - - -
Lithuania 139 117 99 98 105 - - - 36
Luxembourg 164 108 - 107 100 - - 99x 0
Madagascar 21 105 53 96 100 17 33 57 490
Malawi 8 100 58 90 67 22 56 55 560
Malaysia 149 106 88 101 110 48x 79x 94 80
Maldives 61 97 100 98 100 10 93 90 -
Mali 7 107 59 64 55 7 32 24 1200
Malta 154 107 101 97 89 - - - 0
Marshall Islands 54 - - - - 27 15x - -
Mauritania 15 108 52 81 58 4 28 40 930
Mauritius 123 110 91 99 103 75 79 97 120
Mexico 102 109 95 96 102 53x 69 77 110
Micronesia, Fed. S 116 95 - - - - 44 90x -
Moldova, Rep. of 102 113 101 99 104 - - - 60
Monaco 175 - - - - - - - -
Mongolia 67 105 87 106 140 - - 99x 65
Morocco 64 106 54 74 74 50 100 40 610
Mozambique 9 107 40 72 60 4x 61 25x 1500
Myanmar 25 105 88 96 100 17 79 57x 580
Namibia 60 104 95x 101 121 29 75 68 370
Nauru 104 - - - - - - - -
Nepal 42 98 34 68 50 29 11x 9 1500
Netherlands 175 107 - 102 91 80 - 100x 12
New Zealand 164 107 - 98 103 70x - 99x 25
Nicaragua 73 108 103 103 118 49 96 61 160
Niger 1 109 33 60 56 4 31 15 1200
Nigeria 14 106 70 79 85 6 36 31 1000
Niue - - - - - - - - -
Norway 175 108 - 100 97 76x - 100x 6
Oman 139 106 65x 94 91 9x 98 87x 190
Pakistan 33 103 48 45 52 12 54 19 340
Palau 97 - - - - 38x 55 90 -
Panama 133 106 99 96 108 58x 24 86 55
Papua New Guinea 44 102 78 85 65 4x 50 20x 930
Paraguay 100 107 97 97 105 50 69 66 160
Peru 72 108 87 96x 91x 64 51 56 280
Philippines 93 106 99 101 102x 40 47 53 280
Poland 147 113 99x 98 101 75x - 99x 19
Portugal 164 110 95 97 117 66x - 90x 15
Qatar 132 107 101 94 100 32x - 97x -
Romania 117 111 98 99 101 57 - 100x 130
Russian Federation 117 122 99 99 108 - - - 75
Rwanda 19 106 74 97 82 21 43 26 1300
Saint Kitts and Ne 93 93 100x - - 41x - 100x -
Saint Lucia 127 93 - - - 47x - 99x -
Saint Vincent/Gren 123 92 - - - 58x - 73x -
Samoa 77 106 - - - 21 96 95x 35
San Marino 149 - - - - - - - -
Sao Tome and Princ 57 92 58x - - 10x 49 86x -
Saudi Arabia 108 106 69 95 82 - 60 82x 130
Senegal 36 104 53 75 52 13 34 46 1200
Seychelles 136 91 104x - - - 100 99x -
Sierra Leone 3 109 40 70 55 4x 65 25x 1800
Singapore 189 105 90 98x 103x 74x - 100x 10
Slovakia 154 113 - 100 106 74 - - -
Slovenia 175 113 99x 100 102 - - - 13
Solomon Islands 113 107 - 87 67 25 63 87x -
Somalia 10 106 39x 53x 56x 1x 28 2x 1600
South Africa 69 110 100 97 116 50x 26x 82 230
Spain 186 109 98 101 112 59x - 96x 7
Sri Lanka 136 106 94 98 111 66 81 94 140
Sudan 42 106 60 79 79 8 44 69 660
Suriname 104 107 96 97x 116x - 99x 91x -
Swaziland 53 109 97 95 96 21x 65 55x 560
Sweden 189 107 - 100 101 78x - 100x 7
Switzerland 186 109 - 102 96 71x - 99x 6
Syria 100 108 65 90 82 36 78 67 180
Tajikistan 61 109 100 97 90 - - - 130
Tanzania 29 106 72 97 83 16 92 53 770
TFYR Macedonia 108 106 - 99 102 - 91x - -
Thailand 93 109 96 99 97 74 88 71x 200
Togo 38 106 55 66 35 12x 43 54x 640
Tonga 123 93 - - - 39 88 92 -
Trinidad and Tobag 143 107 98 100 105 53x 19x 98x 90
Tunisia 97 103 70 92 91 60 80 69x 170
Turkey 82 108 78 93 66 63 32 76 180
Turkmenistan 58 111 98x - - - - - 55
Tuvalu 74 - - - - - 53 - -
Uganda 30 105 68 80 57 15 55 38 1200
Ukraine 121 116 101 100 108 - - 100x 50
United Arab Emirat 139 103 101 96 110 - - 96x 26
United Kingdom 164 108 - 100 102 82 - 100x 9
United States 163 110 - 99 99 74x - 99x 12
Uruguay 127 109 101 99 119 84 13x 96x 85
Uzbekistan 71 111 100 97 88 56 - - 55
Vanuatu 77 106 84x 102 78 15 15 86x 280
Venezuela 115 107 98 103 141 49x 60 69x 120
Viet Nam 85 108 94 94x 93x 65 82 95x 160
Yemen 50 102 49x 40 24 7 55 16 1400
Yugoslavia, Fed. R 127 107 98 104 103 - - - -
Zambia 13 102 83 93 61 15 48 51 940
Zimbabwe 65 104 89 93 80 48 65 69 570
Regional summaries
Sub-Saharan Africa 106 71 82 80 15 38 37 980
Middle East and North Af 104 67 86 82 46 57 62 320
South Asia 101 57 77 63 38 71 29 610
East Asia and Pacific 105 84 97 88 74 35 75 210
Latin America and Caribb 109 97 97 109 64 58 78 190
CEE/CIS and Baltic State 113 97 98 98 64 - 90 85
Industrialized countries 109 98 100 101 72 - 99 13
Developing countries 104 78 88 81 54 51 53 470
Least developed countrie 104 63 79 59 19 48 29 1100
World 105 81 90 86 57 51 57 430
Countries in each region can be found in the Regional summaries country list.
Definitions of the indicators
Life expectancy at birth - The number of years newborn
children would live if subject to the mortality risks
prevailing for the cross-section of population at the time of
their birth.
Adult literacy rate - Percentage of persons aged 15 and over
who can read and write.
Primary or secondary enrolment ratios - The number of
children enrolled in a schooling level (primary or
secondary), regardless of age, divided by the population of
the age group which officially corresponds to that level.
Contraceptive prevalence - Percentage of married women aged
15-49 years currently using contraception.
Births attended - Percentage of births attended by
physicians, nurses, midwives, or primary health care workers
trained in midwifery skills.
Maternal mortality rate - Annual number of deaths of women
from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births.
Several of the maternal mortality rates in table 7 are
substantially different from official government estimates.
These and other rates are being reviewed by WHO and UNICEF
and will be revised where necessary, as part of the ongoing
process of improving maternal mortality estimates.
Main data sources
Life expectancy - United Nations Population Division.
Adult literacy - United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
School enrolment - United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Demographic and Health
Surveys.
Immunization - World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF,
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and Demographic and
Health Surveys (DHS).
Contraceptive prevalence - United Nations Population Division
and Demographic and Health Surveys.
Births attended - World Health Organization (WHO).
Maternal mortality - World Health Organization (WHO) and
UNICEF.
Notes
- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in the column heading, differ from the
standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.
* * * *
Table 8: The rate of progress
GNP per capita
average annual rate of average annual average annual
reduction (%) growth rate Total fertility rate rate of
Under-5 mortality rate (%) reduction (%)
U5MR required
rank 1960 1980 1996 1960-80 1980-96 1996-2000 1965-80 1985-95 1960 1980 1996 1960-80 1980-96
Afghanistan 4 360 280 257 1.3 0.5 32.5 0.6 - 6.9 7.1 6.9 -0.1 0.2
Albania 88 151 57 40 4.9 2.2 9.6 - -6.0 5.9 3.8 2.7 2.2 2.1
Algeria 92 255 139 39 3.0 7.9 4.9 4.2 -2.4 7.3 6.8 4.0 0.4 3.3
Andorra 175 - - 6 - - - - - - - - - -
Angola 2 345 261 292 1.4 -0.7 35.7 - -6.1 6.4 6.9 6.8 -0.4 0.1
Antigua and Barbuda 127 - - 22 - - - - 2.7 - - - - -
Argentina 117 72 38 25 3.2 2.6 7.3 1.7 1.8 3.1 3.3 2.7 -0.3 1.3
Armenia 108 48 28 30 2.7 -0.4 9.3 - -15.1 4.5 2.4 1.8 3.1 1.8
Australia 175 24 13 6 3.0 4.7 0.0 2.2 1.4 3.3 2.0 1.9 2.5 0.3
Austria 175 43 17 6 4.6 7.1 -3.4 4.0 1.9 2.7 1.6 1.4 2.6 0.8
Azerbaijan 85 75 52 45 1.8 0.9 10.7 - -16.3 5.5 3.3 2.4 2.6 2.0
Bahamas 123 68 35 23 3.3 2.6 4.4 - -0.8 3.8 2.8 2.0 1.5 2.1
Bahrain 127 203 42 22 7.9 4.0 9.1 - 0.2 7.1 4.9 3.1 1.9 2.9
Bangladesh 44 247 211 112 0.8 4.0 11.8 -0.3 2.1 6.7 6.4 3.2 0.2 4.3
Barbados 152 90 29 12 5.7 5.5 9.2 - 0.8 4.5 2.1 1.7 3.8 1.3
Belarus 139 47 26 18 3.0 2.3 7.6 - -5.2 2.7 2.1 1.5 1.3 2.1
Belgium 164 35 15 7 4.3 5.0 1.5 3.6 2.2 2.6 1.6 1.6 2.4 0.0
Belize 85 104 70 44 2.0 2.9 7.4 - 3.9 6.5 5.8 3.8 0.6 2.6
Benin 31 310 176 140 2.8 1.4 17.3 -0.3 -0.3 6.9 7.1 6.0 -0.1 1.1
Bhutan 36 300 227 127 1.4 3.6 14.9 - 4.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 0.0 0.0
Bolivia 51 252 170 102 2.0 3.2 9.4 1.7 1.8 6.7 5.6 4.5 0.9 1.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina 143 155 38 17 7.0 5.0 6.1 - - 4.0 2.1 1.4 3.2 2.5
Botswana 80 170 94 50 3.0 3.9 4.8 9.9 6.1 6.8 6.1 4.6 0.5 1.8
Brazil 79 177 92 52 3.3 3.6 6.6 6.3 -0.8 6.2 4.0 2.3 2.2 3.5
Brunei Darussalam 154 87 22 11 6.9 4.3 10.9 - - 6.9 4.1 2.8 2.6 2.4
Bulgaria 136 70 25 19 5.1 1.7 11.5 - -2.6 2.2 2.1 1.5 0.2 2.1
Burkina Faso 23 318 246 158 1.3 2.8 20.4 1.7 -0.2 6.7 7.8 6.7 -0.8 1.0
Burundi 17 255 193 176 1.4 0.6 23.0 2.4 -1.3 6.8 6.8 6.4 0.0 0.4
Cambodia 19 217 330 170 -2.1 4.1 22.2 - 2.0 6.3 4.6 4.6 1.6 0.0
Cameroon 51 264 173 102 2.1 3.3 9.4 2.4 -6.6 5.8 6.4 5.4 -0.5 1.1
Canada 164 33 13 7 4.8 4.0 4.0 3.3 0.4 3.8 1.7 1.6 4.0 0.4
Cape Verde 65 164 95 73 2.7 1.7 10.1 - 2.1 7.0 6.5 3.7 0.4 3.5
Central African Rep. 21 343 180 164 3.2 0.6 21.3 0.8 -2.4 5.6 5.8 5.1 -0.2 0.8
Chad 27 325 206 149 2.3 2.0 18.9 -1.9 0.6 6.0 5.9 5.6 0.1 0.3
Chile 149 138 35 13 6.9 6.2 -0.9 0.0 6.1 5.3 2.8 2.5 3.2 0.7
China 82 209 65 47 5.9 2.0 10.2 4.1 8.3 5.7 2.9 1.8 3.4 3.0
Colombia 104 130 58 31 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.7 2.6 6.8 3.8 2.8 2.9 1.9
Comoros 39 248 167 122 2.0 2.0 13.9 - -1.4 6.8 7.1 5.7 -0.2 1.4
Congo 48 220 125 108 2.8 0.9 10.8 2.7 -3.2 5.9 6.3 6.0 -0.3 0.3
Congo, Dem. Rep. 12 302 210 207 1.8 0.1 27.1 -1.3 -8.5 6.0 6.6 6.4 -0.5 0.2
Cook Islands 108 - 37 30 - 1.3 8.6 - - - - - - -
Costa Rica 146 112 29 15 6.8 4.0 8.7 3.3 2.8 7.0 3.7 3.0 3.2 1.3
Côte d'Ivoire 25 300 170 150 2.8 0.8 19.1 2.8 -4.3 7.2 7.4 5.3 -0.1 2.1
Croatia 154 98 23 11 7.2 4.6 5.9 - - 2.3 2.0 1.6 0.7 1.4
Cuba 159 54 22 10 4.5 4.7 4.5 - - 4.2 2.0 1.6 3.7 1.4
Cyprus 159 36 20 10 2.9 4.7 4.6 - 4.6 3.5 2.4 2.3 1.9 0.3
Czech Rep. 164 25 19 7 1.4 6.6 -2.9 - -1.8 2.3 2.2 1.5 0.2 2.4
Denmark 175 25 10 6 4.4 3.1 1.2 2.2 1.5 2.6 1.6 1.8 2.4 -0.7
Djibouti 24 289 199 157 1.9 1.5 20.2 - - 7.0 6.6 5.5 0.3 1.1
Dominica 133 - - 20 - - 6.7 - 4.1 - - - - -
Dominican Rep. 74 149 92 56 2.4 3.1 6.4 3.8 2.1 7.4 4.3 2.9 2.7 2.5
Ecuador 88 180 101 40 2.9 5.8 4.6 5.4 0.8 6.7 5.1 3.2 1.4 2.9
Egypt 58 282 175 78 2.4 5.1 2.7 2.8 1.1 7.0 5.2 3.5 1.5 2.5
El Salvador 88 210 120 40 2.8 6.9 2.6 1.5 2.8 6.8 5.1 3.2 1.4 2.9
Equatorial Guinea 18 316 243 173 1.3 2.1 22.6 - 2.3 5.5 5.7 5.6 -0.2 0.1
Eritrea 41 250 195 120 1.2 3.0 13.5 - - 6.6 6.1 5.5 0.4 0.6
Estonia 145 52 25 16 3.7 2.8 3.3 - -4.3 2.0 2.1 1.4 -0.2 2.5
Ethiopia 16 280 213 177 1.4 1.2 23.2 0.4 -0.3 6.9 6.9 7.0 0.0 -0.1
Fiji 121 97 42 24 4.2 3.5 3.6 - 2.0 6.4 3.9 2.8 2.5 2.1
Finland 189 28 9 4 5.9 4.4 -1.1 3.6 -0.2 2.7 1.7 1.8 2.3 -0.4
France 175 34 13 6 4.9 5.2 -2.6 3.7 1.5 2.8 1.9 1.7 1.9 0.7
Gabon 28 287 194 145 2.0 1.8 18.2 5.6 -8.2 4.1 4.4 5.3 -0.4 -1.2
Gambia 49 375 250 107 2.0 5.3 10.6 - 0.3 6.4 6.5 5.3 -0.1 1.3
Georgia 113 70 44 29 2.3 2.6 8.4 - -17.0 2.9 2.3 2.0 1.2 0.9
Germany 175 40 16 6 4.7 6.2 -0.4 3.0 1.9 2.4 1.5 1.3 2.4 0.9
Ghana 47 213 155 110 1.6 2.1 11.3 -0.8 1.4 6.9 6.5 5.4 0.3 1.2
Greece 161 64 23 9 5.2 5.9 4.6 4.8 1.3 2.2 2.1 1.4 0.2 2.5
Grenada 104 - - 31 - - 5.7 - - - - - - -
Guatemala 74 204 140 56 1.9 5.7 1.2 3.0 0.3 6.9 6.3 5.0 0.5 1.4
Guinea 11 380 300 210 1.2 2.2 27.5 1.3 1.4 7.0 7.0 6.7 0.0 0.3
Guinea-Bissau 6 336 290 223 0.7 1.7 29.0 -2.7 2.0 5.1 5.7 5.5 -0.6 0.2
Guyana 56 126 90 83 1.7 0.5 8.1 - 0.6 6.5 3.6 2.4 3.0 2.5
Haiti 34 260 200 134 1.3 2.5 16.2 0.9 -5.2 6.3 5.3 4.7 0.9 0.8
Holy See - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Honduras 97 204 101 35 3.5 6.6 0.7 1.1 0.1 7.5 6.3 4.5 0.9 2.1
Hungary 152 57 26 12 3.9 4.8 2.4 5.1 -1.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 0.0 1.8
Iceland 186 22 9 5 4.5 3.3 12.6 - 1.0 4.0 2.3 2.2 2.8 0.3
India 46 236 177 111 1.4 2.9 11.5 1.5 3.2 5.9 4.7 3.2 1.1 2.4
Indonesia 67 216 128 71 2.6 3.7 2.9 5.2 6.0 5.5 4.4 2.7 1.1 3.1
Iran 96 233 126 37 3.1 7.7 -1.5 2.9 -1.5 7.2 6.7 4.9 0.4 2.0
Iraq 39 171 83 122 3.6 -2.4 33.5 - - 7.2 6.5 5.4 0.5 1.2
Ireland 164 36 14 7 4.6 4.4 4.2 2.8 5.2 3.8 3.2 1.9 0.9 3.3
Israel 161 39 19 9 3.6 5.0 2.8 3.7 2.5 3.9 3.3 2.8 0.8 1.0
Italy 164 50 17 7 5.3 5.7 1.5 3.2 1.8 2.5 1.7 1.2 1.9 2.2
Jamaica 154 76 39 11 3.4 7.8 0.9 -0.1 3.6 5.4 3.8 2.5 1.8 2.6
Japan 175 40 11 6 6.6 3.5 9.5 5.1 2.9 2.0 1.8 1.5 0.5 1.1
Jordan 117 139 64 25 3.9 5.9 1.0 5.8 -4.5 7.7 7.1 5.3 0.4 1.8
Kazakstan 84 74 57 45 1.3 1.5 8.5 - -8.6 4.5 3.0 2.4 2.0 1.4
Kenya 55 202 112 90 2.9 1.4 10.1 3.1 0.1 8.0 7.8 5.0 0.1 2.8
Kiribati 61 - - 76 - - 6.5 - -0.6 - - - - -
Korea, Dem. People's Rep 108 120 43 30 5.1 2.3 6.3 - - 5.8 2.8 2.1 3.6 1.8
Korea, Rep. of 164 127 18 7 9.8 5.9 3.9 7.3 7.7 6.0 2.7 1.7 4.0 2.9
Kuwait 147 128 35 14 6.6 5.6 6.4 0.6 1.1 7.3 5.4 2.9 1.5 3.9
Kyrgyzstan 80 115 73 50 2.3 2.4 7.7 - -6.9 5.1 4.1 3.3 1.1 1.4
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 35 235 200 128 0.8 2.8 15.1 - 2.7 6.2 6.7 6.7 -0.4 0.0
Latvia 133 44 26 20 2.6 1.6 10.2 - -6.6 1.9 2.0 1.5 -0.3 1.8
Lebanon 88 85 40 40 3.8 0.0 10.1 - 2.7 6.3 4.0 2.9 2.3 2.0
Lesotho 32 203 168 139 0.9 1.2 17.1 6.8 1.2 5.8 5.7 5.0 0.1 0.8
Liberia 5 288 235 235 1.0 0.0 30.3 0.5 - 6.6 6.8 6.5 -0.1 0.3
Libya 70 269 118 61 4.1 4.1 4.0 0.0 - 7.1 7.3 6.1 -0.1 1.1
Liechtenstein 164 - - 7 - - - - - - - - - -
Lithuania 139 70 25 18 5.1 2.1 7.6 - -11.7 2.5 2.1 1.6 0.9 1.7
Luxembourg 164 41 16 7 4.6 4.8 6.5 - 0.9 2.3 1.5 1.7 2.1 -0.8
Madagascar 21 364 216 164 2.6 1.7 21.3 -0.4 -2.2 6.6 6.6 5.8 0.0 0.8
Malawi 8 365 290 217 1.1 1.8 28.3 3.2 -0.7 6.9 7.6 6.8 -0.5 0.7
Malaysia 149 105 42 13 4.6 7.3 -1.3 4.7 5.7 6.8 4.2 3.4 2.4 1.3
Maldives 61 258 129 76 3.5 3.3 7.6 - 5.9 7.0 6.9 6.8 0.1 0.1
Mali 7 500 300 220 2.6 1.9 28.6 2.1 0.8 7.1 7.1 6.8 0.0 0.3
Malta 154 42 17 11 4.6 2.8 4.3 - 5.1 3.4 2.0 2.1 2.7 -0.3
Marshall Islands 54 - - 92 - - 10.2 - - - - - - -
Mauritania 15 330 175 183 3.2 -0.3 24.0 -0.1 0.5 6.5 6.3 5.1 0.2 1.3
Mauritius 123 84 42 23 3.4 3.9 6.9 3.7 5.4 5.8 2.8 2.3 3.6 1.2
Mexico 102 148 87 32 2.7 6.3 5.3 3.6 0.1 6.9 4.8 2.9 1.8 3.1
Micronesia, Fed. States 116 - - 27 - - 6.6 - - - - - - -
Moldova, Rep. of 102 88 52 32 2.6 3.0 6.5 - -8.2 3.3 2.5 1.9 1.4 1.7
Monaco 175 - - 6 - - - - - - - - - -
Mongolia 67 185 112 71 2.5 2.8 5.8 - -3.8 6.0 6.2 3.4 -0.2 3.8
Morocco 64 220 152 74 1.8 4.5 7.3 2.7 0.9 7.2 5.5 3.3 1.3 3.2
Mozambique 9 280 280 214 0.0 1.7 27.9 - 3.6 6.3 6.5 6.2 -0.2 0.3
Myanmar 25 237 146 150 2.4 -0.2 19.1 1.6 0.4 6.0 5.1 3.4 0.8 2.5
Namibia 60 206 114 77 3.0 2.5 8.1 - 2.9 6.0 5.9 5.0 0.1 1.0
Nauru 104 - - 31 - - - - - - - - - -
Nepal 42 315 195 116 2.4 3.2 12.6 - 2.4 5.8 6.2 5.1 -0.3 1.2
Netherlands 175 22 11 6 3.4 3.8 3.2 2.7 1.9 3.1 1.5 1.6 3.6 -0.4
New Zealand 164 26 16 7 2.5 4.7 -0.3 1.7 0.8 3.9 2.1 2.1 3.1 0.0
Nicaragua 73 209 143 57 1.9 5.7 3.3 -0.7 -5.4 7.3 6.2 4.0 0.8 2.7
Niger 1 320 320 320 0.0 0.0 38.0 -2.5 -2.1 7.3 8.1 7.2 -0.5 0.7
Nigeria 14 204 196 191 0.2 0.1 25.1 4.2 1.2 6.5 6.5 6.1 0.0 0.4
Niue - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Norway 175 23 11 6 3.8 4.1 -0.9 3.6 1.7 2.9 1.8 1.9 2.4 -0.3
Oman 139 280 95 18 5.4 10.4 -2.6 9.0 0.3 7.2 7.2 7.2 0.0 0.0
Pakistan 33 226 161 136 1.7 1.1 16.6 1.8 1.2 6.9 6.8 5.2 0.1 1.7
Palau 97 - 39 35 - 0.7 10.2 - - - - - - -
Panama 133 104 31 20 6.0 2.7 9.1 2.8 -0.4 5.9 3.8 2.7 2.2 2.1
Papua New Guinea 44 204 112 112 3.0 0.0 11.8 - 2.3 6.3 5.6 4.8 0.6 1.0
Paraguay 100 90 61 34 1.9 3.7 8.0 4.1 1.2 6.5 5.2 4.3 1.1 1.2
Peru 72 234 126 58 3.1 4.8 3.7 0.8 -1.6 6.9 5.0 3.1 1.6 3.0
Philippines 93 107 69 38 2.2 3.7 2.3 3.2 1.5 6.9 4.9 3.7 1.7 1.8
Poland 147 70 24 14 5.3 3.6 3.3 - 1.2 3.0 2.3 1.7 1.3 1.9
Portugal 164 112 31 7 6.4 9.1 -9.9 4.6 3.6 3.1 2.2 1.5 1.7 2.4
Qatar 132 239 55 21 7.3 6.0 -3.4 - -4.2 7.0 5.8 3.9 0.9 2.5
Romania 117 82 36 25 4.1 2.2 4.2 - -3.8 2.3 2.4 1.4 -0.2 3.4
Russian Federation 117 65 36 25 3.0 2.3 5.6 - -5.1 2.6 2.0 1.4 1.3 2.2
Rwanda 19 210 218 170 -0.2 1.6 22.2 1.6 -5.4 7.5 8.3 6.2 -0.5 1.8
Saint Kitts and Nevis 93 - - 38 - - 6.5 - 4.8 - - - - -
Saint Lucia 127 - - 22 - - 10.1 - 3.9 - - - - -
Saint Vincent/Grenadines 123 - - 23 - - 7.1 - 3.8 - - - - -
Samoa 77 210 100 53 3.7 4.0 6.2 - 0.2 8.3 5.9 3.9 1.7 2.6
San Marino 149 - - 13 - - - - - - - - - -
Sao Tome and Principe 57 - - 80 - - 7.2 - -2.1 - - - - -
Saudi Arabia 108 292 85 30 6.2 6.5 0.0 4.0 -1.9 7.2 7.3 6.0 -0.1 1.2
Senegal 36 300 218 127 1.6 3.4 14.9 -0.5 -1.2 7.0 6.9 5.8 0.1 1.1
Seychelles 136 - - 19 - - 7.6 - 4.2 - - - - -
Sierra Leone 3 385 301 284 1.2 0.4 35.0 0.7 -3.6 6.2 6.5 6.2 -0.2 0.3
Singapore 189 40 13 4 5.6 7.1 -5.8 8.3 6.2 5.5 1.8 1.8 5.6 0.0
Slovakia 154 40 23 11 2.7 4.7 1.9 - -2.8 3.1 2.4 1.6 1.3 2.5
Slovenia 175 45 18 6 4.6 6.8 -2.3 - - 2.4 2.1 1.3 0.7 3.0
Solomon Islands 113 185 56 29 6.0 4.1 4.7 - 3.2 6.4 6.7 5.1 -0.2 1.7
Somalia 10 294 246 211 0.9 1.0 27.6 -0.1 -2.3 7.0 7.0 7.0 0.0 0.0
South Africa 69 126 91 66 1.6 2.0 7.6 3.2 -1.1 6.5 4.9 3.9 1.4 1.4
Spain 186 57 16 5 6.2 7.1 -2.3 4.1 2.6 2.8 2.2 1.2 1.2 3.8
Sri Lanka 136 130 52 19 4.6 6.3 9.3 2.8 2.6 5.3 3.5 2.1 2.1 3.2
Sudan 42 210 145 116 1.9 1.4 12.6 0.8 0.6 6.7 6.5 4.7 0.2 2.0
Suriname 104 96 52 31 3.0 3.3 4.8 - 3.5 6.6 3.8 2.5 2.8 2.6
Swaziland 53 233 151 97 2.2 2.7 8.2 - -1.4 6.5 6.3 4.6 0.2 2.0
Sweden 189 20 9 4 4.1 5.1 -1.3 2.0 -0.1 2.3 1.6 1.9 1.8 -1.1
Switzerland 186 27 11 5 4.5 4.5 0.5 1.5 0.2 2.4 1.5 1.5 2.4 0.0
Syria 100 201 73 34 5.1 4.8 3.5 5.1 0.9 7.3 7.4 4.2 -0.1 3.5
Tajikistan 61 140 94 76 2.0 1.3 9.5 - -13.0 6.3 5.7 4.0 0.5 2.2
Tanzania 29 240 176 144 1.6 1.3 18.0 0.8 1.0 6.8 6.8 5.6 0.0 1.2
TFYR Macedonia 108 177 69 30 4.7 5.2 2.4 - - 4.2 2.6 2.0 2.4 1.6
Thailand 93 148 58 38 4.7 2.6 8.3 4.4 8.4 6.4 3.6 1.8 2.9 4.3
Togo 38 267 175 125 2.1 2.1 14.5 1.7 -2.7 6.6 6.6 6.2 0.0 0.4
Tonga 123 - - 23 - - 6.1 - 0.5 - - - - -
Trinidad and Tobago 143 73 40 17 3.0 5.3 1.4 3.1 -1.7 5.1 3.3 2.2 2.2 2.5
Tunisia 97 254 100 35 4.7 6.6 0.2 4.7 1.9 7.1 5.3 3.0 1.5 3.6
Turkey 82 219 133 47 2.5 6.5 0.2 3.6 2.2 6.3 4.3 2.6 1.9 3.1
Turkmenistan 58 150 95 78 2.3 1.2 9.5 - -9.6 6.4 5.1 3.7 1.1 2.0
Tuvalu 74 - 77 56 - 2.0 10.2 - - - - - - -
Uganda 30 224 180 141 1.1 1.5 17.5 -2.2 2.7 6.9 7.0 7.1 -0.1 -0.1
Ukraine 121 53 28 24 3.2 1.0 10.1 - -9.2 2.2 2.0 1.5 0.5 1.8
United Arab Emirates 139 240 64 18 6.6 7.9 2.9 - -2.8 6.9 5.4 3.6 1.2 2.5
United Kingdom 164 27 14 7 3.1 4.6 4.0 2.0 1.4 2.7 1.8 1.7 2.0 0.4
United States 163 30 15 8 3.3 3.8 5.4 1.8 1.3 3.5 1.8 2.0 3.3 -0.7
Uruguay 127 56 43 22 1.3 4.1 8.4 2.5 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.3 0.4 1.0
Uzbekistan 71 122 78 60 2.2 1.6 8.9 - -3.9 6.3 4.9 3.6 1.3 1.9
Vanuatu 77 225 110 53 3.6 4.6 3.2 - -1.1 7.2 5.4 4.5 1.4 1.1
Venezuela 115 70 42 28 2.6 2.6 12.2 2.3 0.5 6.6 4.2 3.1 2.3 1.9
Viet Nam 85 219 105 44 3.7 5.4 4.7 - 4.2 6.1 5.1 3.1 0.9 3.1
Yemen 50 340 198 105 2.7 4.0 10.1 - - 7.6 7.6 7.6 0.0 0.0
Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 127 120 44 22 5.0 4.3 2.4 - - 2.7 2.3 1.8 0.8 1.5
Zambia 13 213 149 202 1.8 -1.9 26.5 -1.2 -0.8 6.6 7.1 5.6 -0.4 1.5
Zimbabwe 65 181 125 73 1.8 3.4 7.9 1.7 -0.6 7.5 6.4 4.8 0.8 1.8
Regional summaries
Sub-Saharan Africa 257 197 171 1.3 0.9 23.0 2.8 -0.9 6.6 6.6 5.9 0.0 0.7
Middle East and North Africa 241 134 65 2.9 4.6 7.6 3.1 -0.9 7.1 6.2 4.5 0.7 2.0
South Asia 239 181 119 1.4 2.6 13.4 1.4 2.8 6.1 5.1 3.5 0.9 2.4
East Asia and Pacific 201 80 54 4.6 2.5 8.8 4.9 7.4 5.8 3.3 2.1 2.8 2.8
Latin America and Caribbean 157 87 43 3.0 4.4 6.2 4.0 0.5 6.0 4.2 2.8 1.8 2.6
CEE/CIS and Baltic States 101 56 36 2.9 2.8 5.2 - -3.3 3.0 2.5 1.9 0.9 1.9
Industrialized countries 37 14 7 4.7 4.6 3.5 2.9 1.8 2.8 1.8 1.7 2.2 0.4
Developing countries 216 136 97 2.3 2.1 14.5 3.7 2.9 6.0 4.4 3.2 1.6 2.0
Least developed countries 280 214 171 1.4 1.4 22.3 -0.1 0.0 6.6 6.5 5.3 0.0 1.3
World 192 121 88 2.3 2.0 14.2 3.1 1.9 5.0 3.8 2.9 1.4 1.7
Countries in each region can be found in the Regional summaries country list.
Definitions of the indicators
Under-five mortality rate Probability of dying between
birth and exactly five years of age expressed per 1,000 live
births.
GNP per capita - Gross national product (GNP) is the sum of
gross value added by all resident producers, plus any taxes
that are not included in the valuation of output, plus
net receipts of primary income from non-resident sources.
GNP per capita is the gross national product, converted to
United States dollars using the World Bank Atlas method,
divided by the mid-year population.
Total fertility rate - The number of children that would be
born per woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing
years and bear children at each age in accordance with prevailing
age-specific fertility rates.
Average annual rate of reduction required 1996-2000 - The average
annual reduction rate required, for the period 1996-2000, to achieve
an under-five mortality rate in the year 2000 of 70 per 1,000 live
births or two thirds the 1990 rate, whichever is less.
Main data sources
Under-five mortality - UNICEF, United Nations Population Division
and United Nations Statistics Division.
GNP per capita - World Bank.
Fertility - United Nations Population Division.
Notes
- Data not available.
x Indicates data that refer to years or periods other than
those specified in the column heading, differ from the
standard definition, or refer to only part of a country.
* * * *
Regional summaries country list
Regional averages given at the end of each table are
calculated using data from the countries as grouped below.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon;
Cape Verde; Central African Rep.; Chad; Comoros; Congo;
Congo, Dem. Rep.; Cote d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea;
Ethiopia; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya;
Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania;
Mauritius; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Sao
Tome and Principe; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone;
Somalia; South Africa; Swaziland; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda;
Zambia; Zimbabwe.
Middle East and North Africa
Algeria; Bahrain; Cyprus; Djibouti; Egypt; Iran; Iraq;
Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Libya; Morocco; Oman; Qatar; Saudi
Arabia; Sudan; Syria; Tunisia; United Arab Emirates; Yemen.
South Asia
Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Maldives; Nepal;
Pakistan; Sri Lanka.
East Asia and Pacific
Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; China; Cook Islands; Fiji;
Indonesia; Kiribati; Korea, Dem. People's Rep.; Korea, Rep.
of; Lao People's Dem. Rep.; Malaysia; Marshall Islands;
Micronesia, Fed. States of; Mongolia; Myanmar; Nauru; Niue;
Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Samoa; Singapore;
Solomon Islands; Thailand; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu; Viet Nam.
Latin America and Caribbean
Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Bahamas; Barbados; Belize;
Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominica;
Dominican Rep.; Ecuador; El Salvador; Grenada; Guatemala;
Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama;
Paraguay; Peru; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint
Vincent/Grenadines; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; Uruguay;
Venezuela.
CEE/CIS and Baltic States
Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and
Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Czech Rep.; Estonia; Georgia;
Hungary; Kazakstan; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova,
Rep. of; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation; Slovakia;
Tajikistan; TFYR Macedonia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine;
Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep.
Industrialized countries
Andorra; Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Denmark;
Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Holy See; Iceland; Ireland;
Israel; Italy; Japan; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Malta;
Monaco; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Portugal; San
Marino; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom;
United States.
Developing countries
Afghanistan; Algeria; Angola; Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina;
Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bahamas; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Barbados;
Belize; Benin; Bhutan; Bolivia; Botswana; Brazil; Brunei
Darussalam; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cambodia; Cameroon; Cape
Verde; Central African Rep.; Chad; Chile; China; Colombia;
Comoros; Congo; Congo, Dem. Rep.; Cook Islands; Costa Rica;
Cote d'Ivoire; Cuba; Cyprus; Djibouti; Dominica; Dominican
Rep.; Ecuador; Egypt; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea;
Eritrea; Ethiopia; Fiji; Gabon; Gambia; Georgia; Ghana;
Grenada; Guatemala; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti;
Honduras; India; Indonesia; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Jamaica;
Jordan; Kazakstan; Kenya; Kiribati; Korea, Dem. People's
Rep.; Korea, Rep. of; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Lao People's Dem.
Rep.; Lebanon; Lesotho; Liberia; Libya; Madagascar; Malawi;
Malaysia; Maldives; Mali; Marshall Islands; Mauritania;
Mauritius; Mexico; Micronesia, Fed. States of; Mongolia;
Morocco; Mozambique; Myanmar; Namibia; Nauru; Nepal;
Nicaragua; Niger; Nigeria; Niue; Oman; Pakistan; Palau;
Panama; Papua New Guinea; Paraguay; Peru; Philippines; Qatar;
Rwanda; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint
Vincent/Grenadines; Samoa; Sao Tome and Principe; Saudi
Arabia; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Singapore; Solomon
Islands; Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Suriname;
Swaziland; Syria; Tajikistan; Tanzania; Thailand; Togo;
Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan;
Tuvalu; Uganda; United Arab Emirates; Uruguay; Uzbekistan;
Vanuatu; Venezuela; Viet Nam; Yemen; Zambia; Zimbabwe.
Least developed countries
Afghanistan; Angola; Bangladesh; Benin; Bhutan; Burkina Faso;
Burundi; Cambodia; Cape Verde; Central African Rep.; Chad;
Comoros; Congo, Dem. Rep.; Djibouti; Equatorial Guinea;
Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Haiti;
Kiribati; Lao People's Dem. Rep.; Lesotho; Liberia;
Madagascar; Malawi; Maldives; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique;
Myanmar; Nepal; Niger; Rwanda; Samoa; Sao Tome and Principe;
Sierra Leone; Solomon Islands; Somalia; Sudan; Tanzania;
Togo; Tuvalu; Uganda; Vanuatu; Yemen; Zambia.
* * * *
Measuring human development
An introduction to table 8
If development in the 1990s is to assume a more human face
then there arises a corresponding need for a means of
measuring human as well as economic progress. From UNICEF's
point of view, in particular, there is a need for an agreed
method of measuring the level of child well-being and its
rate of change.
The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) is used in table 8 (next
page) as the principal indicator of such progress.
The U5MR has several advantages. First, it measures an end
result of the development process rather than an 'input' such
as school enrolment level, per capita calorie availability,
or the number of doctors per thousand population - all of
which are means to an end.
Second, the U5MR is known to be the result of a wide variety
of inputs: the nutritional health and the health knowledge of
mothers; the level of immunization and ORT use; the
availability of maternal and child health services (including
prenatal care); income and food availability in the family;
the availability of clean water and safe sanitation; and the
overall safety of the child's environment.
Third, the U5MR is less susceptible than, say, per capita GNP
to the fallacy of the average. This is because the natural
scale does not allow the children of the rich to be one
thousand times as likely to survive, even if the man-made
scale does permit them to have one thousand times as much
income. In other words, it is much more difficult for a
wealthy minority to affect a nation's U5MR, and it therefore
presents a more accurate, if far from perfect, picture of the
health status of the majority of children (and of society as
a whole).
For these reasons, the U5MR is chosen by UNICEF as its single
most important indicator of the state of a nation's children.
That is why the tables rank the nations of the world not in
ascending order of their per capita GNP but in descending
order of their under-five mortality rates.
The speed of progress in reducing the U5MR can be measured by
calculating its average annual reduction rate (AARR). Unlike
the comparison of absolute changes, the AARR reflects the
fact that the lower limits to U5MR are approached only with
increasing difficulty. As lower levels of under-five
mortality are reached, for example, the same absolute
reduction obviously represents a greater percentage of
reduction. The AARR therefore shows a higher rate of progress
for, say, a 10-point reduction if that reduction happens at a
lower level of under-five mortality. (A fall in U5MR of 10
points from 100 to 90 represents a reduction of 10 per cent,
whereas the same 10-point fall from 20 to 10 represents a
reduction of 50 per cent).
When used in conjunction with GNP growth rates, the U5MR and
its reduction rate can therefore give a picture of the
progress being made by any country or region, and over any
period of time, towards the satisfaction of some of the most
essential of human needs.
As table 8 shows, there is no fixed relationship between the
annual reduction rate of the U5MR and the annual rate of
growth in per capita GNP. Such comparisons help to throw the
emphasis on to the policies, priorities, and other factors
which determine the ratio between economic and social
progress.
Finally, the table gives the total fertility rate for each
country and its average annual rate of reduction. It will be
seen that many of the nations that have achieved significant
reductions in their U5MR have also achieved significant
reductions in fertility.
* * * *
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