UNCTAD Trade and Development Reports
(TADR):
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Trade and Development Report 2017
- Beyond Austerity: Towards
a global new deal
- Report by the Secretariat of the UNCTAD
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Contents - Foreword - Acknowledgements - Explanatory notes - Abbreviations
Overview
Fifty years ago, at New York’s Riverside Church, Martin Luther
King made a passionate plea for a more equal, more just, more
peaceful and more dignified world. Calling for “a radical revolution
of values”, King concluded, “We must rapidly begin … the shift
from a thing-oriented society to a person-oriented society. When
machines and computers, profit motives and property rights are
considered more important than people, the giant triplets of
racism, extreme materialism and militarism are incapable of being
conquered”.
By chapters:
Chapter I - CURRENT TRENDS AND CHALLENGES IN THE WORLD ECONOMY
A. The world economy: Performance and prospects
1. Ten years on
2. Where will global demand come from?
3. Implications for global trade
4. Commodity price trends
5. Capital flows
B. Regional growth trends
1. Developed countries
2. Transition economies
3. Developing countries
C. The way forward
Notes
References
Chapter II - INCLUSIVE GROWTH: ISSUES AT STAKE
A. An age of anxiety
B. A more measured debate? Estimating trends in inequality and exclusion
C. Explaining inequality and exclusion: Trade, technology and jobs
D. Beyond the trade-versus-technology debate: Power and politics
E. Markets and inclusiveness
F. Rents and rentiers
G. From inclusive (hyper) globalization to a global new deal
Notes
References
Chapter III - ROBOTS, INDUSTRIALIZATION AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH
A. Introduction
B. Distributional effects of technological change
1. Automation and routine tasks
2. Robots and sectoral structure
C. Industrialization and the international division of labour
1. Salient features of recent industrialization experiences
2. Robot deployment: Cross-country and cross-sectoral evidence
3. Robots and reshoring
D. Productivity and inclusiveness at national level
E. Conclusions
Notes
References
Chapter IV - THE GENDER DYNAMICS OF INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION: A MACRO PERSPECTIVE ON EMPLOYMENT
A. Introduction
B. The two-way causality between gender equality and economic growth
C. The employment dimension of gender-inclusive development
Theorizing exclusion in gendered labour markets
D. Inclusion and exclusion in employment: Gender trends
1. Including women, excluding men?
2. Industry and “good” jobs
3. Women’s exclusion from “good” jobs
E. Assessing gender-based exclusion in the context of structural change, globalization and growth
1. The econometric model
2. Main findings
F. Gendered exclusion and the labour share of income
G. Conclusions
Notes
References
Chapter V - INEQUALITY AND FINANCIAL INSTABILITY:
STRUCTURAL LIMITS TO INCLUSIVE GROWTH
A. Introduction
B. The finance-inequality nexus
1. Revisiting the links between financialization, inequality and instability
2. Financialization in practice
3. Weak financial regulation as a major enabling factor
C. Probing deeper into the inequality-instability nexus
1. Disentangling inequality in the run-up to financial crises
2. Disentangling inequality in the aftermath of financial crises
D. Conclusion: Taming finance
Notes
References
Chapter VI - MARKET POWER AND INEQUALITY: THE REVENGE OF THE RENTIERS
A. Introduction
B. Rentier capitalism revisited
1. From the landlord to the corporate raider: The origins and impacts of economic rents
2. Size matters: How big is non-financial corporate rentier capitalism?
C. “The winner takes most”: Market concentration on the rise
1. General trends in non-financial sectors
2. Drivers of rising market power and concentration
D. Corporate non-financial rent strategies
1. Making knowledge scarce: Strategic use of patent rights
2. Raiding public sectors and manipulating markets: The “looting” business
E. Conclusions
Notes
References
Data appendix
Chapter VII - TOWARDS A GLOBAL NEW DEAL
List of figures, tables, boxes
Figure
1.1 Current account balance, global and by region, 2008–2017
1.2 Current account balance, selected country groups, 2008–2017
1.3 Current account balance, major economies, 2008–2016
1.4 World trade by volume, January 2010–May 2017
1.5 Monthly commodity price indices by commodity group, January 2002–June 2017
1.6 Net private capital flow by regions, 2007–2017
2.1 GDP recovery in the United States after three crises: 1929, 1980 and 2008–2009
2.2 Shifts in global inequality, 1998−2008 (2005 dollars)
3.1 Proximate relationship between technical and economic feasibility of routine-task
automation, by manufacturing sector
3.2 Industrial robots: Global annual installation and annual growth of estimated
global stocks, 1993–2015
3.3 Industrial robots: Global annual installation, by manufacturing sector, 2010–2015
3.4 Industrial robots in the automotive industry: Annual installation, world and
selected countries, 2010–2015
3.5 Estimated robot density in manufacturing, 2014
3.6 Proximate relationship between technical and economic feasibility of routine-task
automation, and estimated stock of industrial robots, by manufacturing sector
3.7 Proximate current vulnerability to robot-based automation in manufacturing, selected economies
3.8 Robot use and labour productivity in manufacturing in selected economies:
Change between 2005 and 2014
3.9 Robot use and manufacturing output share in selected economies: Change between
2005 and 2014
3.10 Robot use and manufacturing employment share in selected economies:
Changes between 2005 and 2014
3.11 Robot use and manufacturing employment in selected economies: Changes between
2005 and 2014
3.12 Robot use and manufacturing wages in selected economies: Changes between
2005 and 2014
4.1 Developing-country distribution of gender equality in education and employment,
1991 and 2010
4.2 Changes in women’s to men’s employment rates versus men’s employment rates,
1991−2014
4.3 Trends in industrial employment as a share of total employment, 1990−2014
4.4 Distribution of developing countries by women’s to men’s economy-wide employment
rates and shares of industrial sector jobs, 2013
4.5 Women’s relative concentration in industrial sector employment, developing countries,
1991 and 2013
4.6 Change in women’s relative concentration in industrial employment and total
employment in developing countries, 1991−2013
4.7 Percentage point changes in women’s relative and men’s absolute concentration
in industrial employment, selected economies, 1991−2013
5.1 Degree of financialization in selected OECD countries, 1975−2015
5.2 Degree of financialization in selected developing and transition economies, 1990−2015
5.3 Inequality before and after financial crises, 1970−2015
5.4 Decomposition of widening monthly income gaps in the run-up to financial crises,
selected countries, 1970−2015
5.5 Private debt and inequality in the run-up to financial crises, 1970−2015
5.6 Decomposition of widening monthly income gaps in the aftermath of financial crises, 1970−2015
5.7 GDP gap following financial crises in selected countries, 1970−2015
5.8 Public expenditure gap and inequality following financial crises, 1970−2015
5.9 Employment gaps following financial crises, developed countries,1970−2015
5.10 Private debt and inequality following financial crises, 1970−2015
6.1 Share of surplus profits in total profits, 1995–2015
6.2 Ratios of market capitalization of the top 100 non-financial firms, 1995–2015
6.3 Concentration indices for revenues, physical and other assets, and employment,
top 100 non-financial firms, 1995−2015
6.4 Average labour productivity of the top 100 firms compared with all other firms, 1995−2015
6.5 Mergers and acquisitions, total net assets, 1995–2015
Box figure
1.B2.1 Contribution to growth to net worth of households and non-profit organizations
in the United States, second quarter 1990–first quarter of 2017
1.B2.2 Total household debt balance and its composition
1.B2.3 Composition of stock of and increment in household debt
6.B2.1 Concentration indices of market capitalization, revenues, physical and other assets,
and employment, top 30 software and IT firms, 1995−2015
6.B2.2 Number of mergers and acquisitions in the software and IT industry, 2007−2016
6.B4.1 Patent reforms and sales growth of United States MNE affiliates and listed local
companies, 1996−2016
List of tables
1.1 World output growth: Annual percentage change 1991–2017
1.2 Export and import volumes of goods, selected regions and countries:
Annual percentage change 2013–2016
1.3 World primary commodity prices, 2008–2017
3.1 Manufacturing value added, selected economies and groups, 2005 and 2014 shares
and 1995–2014 changes
3.2 Share of manufacturing in total employment, selected economies and groups,
2005 and 2014 shares and 1995–2014 changes
3.3 Industrial robots: Estimated annual installation and accumulated stock, selected economies
and groups, 2010–2015
3.4 Germany and Mexico: Sectoral robot use and developments in output, employment,
wages and trade, selected years
4.1 Ratio of services sector to industrial sector labour productivity, 1991–2015
4.2 Employment ratios of women to men, and relative concentration of women in industrial employment, by developing region, 1991 and 2010
4.3 Determinants of women’s relative access to “good” jobs, developing and
developed countries
4.4 Sample mean and standard deviations, developing and developed countries
4.5 Determinants of labour share of income
Boxes
1.1 Austerity: The new normal
1.2 Debt and recovery: The experience of the United States
3.1 The distribution of benefits from robot production
3.2 National robot strategy: The case of China
6.1 A brief history of rentier capitalism
6.2 The drivers of market concentration in software and IT services
6.3 Changing standards of patentability and the rise of financial and business method patents
6.4 Patent reforms and sales per worker of United States MNE affiliates and listed
local companies in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors in Brazil, China and India
7.1 Financing a global new deal
7.2 The basics of basic income
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UNCTAD investment brief, No. 1,
2007, Foreign direct investment surged again in 2006
(UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/MISC/2007/2)
01/02/07, 2 Pages, 58 Kb
Transport Newsletter, No. 34,
Fourth Quarter 2006 (UNCTAD/SDTE/TLB/2006/5)
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UNCTAD investment brief BRIEF,
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