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Human Development Report Office (HDRO)

In preparation for the Human Development Report every year, the HDRO commissions a number of experts to write papers on issues related to the theme of the Report. The following is a compilation of selected Occasional Papers written since 1992. Individually, each paper brings to light a key facet of human development in different parts of the world. Together, they help establish a framework of tools, concept and action to address the issue of human development worldwide.
 Table 1 |  Table 2 |Table 3Table 4Table 5


Table 1. Key Economic Indicators of Korea, Various Periods, 1954-92

(unit: percent, period average) 

Indicator  1954-61 1962-73 1974-82 1983-92
Real GDP growth rate 4.1 8.7 7.1 9.1
Manufacturing sector 11.5 18.9 12.7 11.8
         
per capita GDP growth 0.8 6.4 5.5 8.0
         
Share in GDP        
- Agriculture 40.9 32.7 19.9 10.3
- Mining & manufacturing 14.1 20.8 28.7 30.7
- Other 45.1 46.5 51.3 59.0
         
Real export growth rate 10.2 29.7 13 11.8
Exports, as share of GNP  3.3 13.8 31.6 34.9
         
Fixed investment/GNP 10.5 19.8 29.8 32.4
Current account surplus/GNP1) 0.2 -4.0 -5.3 1.2

 

  • Note: 1) Current account surplus includes net current transfers from the rest of the world.
    Source: Bank of Korea, Bank of Korea Data, 1995.

Table 2. Number of Students by School Level, 1945-65 (unit: thousand)

 

    Secondary School  
Year Elementary School Total Middle High Higher School
1945 1366 81 -- -- 8
1946 2159 125 -- -- 10
1947 2183 198 -- -- 14
1948 2426 278 -- -- --
1949 2771 322 --  -- --
1950 2658 382 --  -- --
1951 2073 267 --  -- --
1952 2369 445 312 133 31
1953 2259 503 324 179 38
1954 2676 644 420 224 63
1955 2947 740 475 265 78
1956 2997 748 459 289 90
1957 3171 724 440 284 84
1958 3316 677 398 279 74
1959 3558 743 472 271 76
1960 3662 792 529 263 93
1961 3855 903 621 282 134
1962 4089 978 655 323 116
1963 4422 1030 666 364 105
1964 4726 1067 667 400 113
1965 4941 1177 751 426 106

 

  • Source: McGinn, et al. (1980), Table 3-11.

Table 3. Trends of Human Development, 1945-90

 

Indicator  1945 1960 1970 1980 1990
School Enrollments (1000)          
- Primary 1366 3662 5749 5658 4868
- Secondary 81 792 1908 4167 4558
- Higher 8 93 200 616 1495
           
Gross Enrollment Ratio (%)          
- Primary --2)  86 94 100 100
- Secondary --  27 42 76 88
- Higher --  5 8 16 39
           
Educational Attainment (1)          
(% of population over age 15)          
No Schooling 86.6 43.8 31 13.3 8
- Primary --  36.2 39.1 28.3 16.1
- Secondary --  17.4 25.3 49.2 61.9
- Higher 0.3 2.6 4.6 9.2 13.9

 

  • -- Not available.

    Note: (1) Educational attainment at each school level includes the population who had both complete and incomplete schooling at that level.

    Source: Korean Educational Development Institute, Educational Indicators in Korea, 1993; UNESCO, Statistical Yearbook, various years.


Table 4. International Comparisons of Educational Attainment of the Population Aged 15 and over, 1960 and 1990

 

Region/Economy Year No School Primary total (complete) Secondary total complete Higher total complete Average years of school
Developing countries 1960 64 28.9 (10.1) 6.2 ( 1.6) 0.8 ( 0.4) 2.05
  1990 39.8 34.5 (12.0) 20.8 ( 7.1) 4.8 ( 2.3) 4.43
             
All OECD countries 1960 5 57.2 (33.3) 31.0 (11.6) 6.8 ( 3.0) 7.05
  1990 4.5 32.6 (16.0) 41.3 (15.3) 21.6 (10.2) 9.02
             
Economy            
             
Korea 1960 43.8 36.2 (32.4) 17.4 ( 7.7) 2.6 ( 1.4) 4.25
  1990 8 16.1 (15.5) 61.9 (44.7) 13.9 ( 6.4) 9.94
             
Argentina 1960 10.2 71.8 (19.5)  4.8 ( 5.4) 3.2 ( 1.2)  5.25
  1990 4.8 51.2 (32.0)  30.7 (10.0) 13.2 ( 5.1)  8.13
             
Brazil 1960 47.5 37.2 (10.1)  14.3 ( 4.6) 1.0 ( 0.5)  2.76
  1990 18.7 63.9 ( 6.9)  11.3 ( 3.6) 6.1 ( 3.0)  3.81
             
Hong Kong 1960 29.7 45.1 (21.2)  21.0 ( 9.0) 4.3 ( 2.2)  5.17
  1990 12.8 25.1 (13.1)  50.8 (31.6)  11.2 ( 5.3)  9.15
             
Singapore  1960 46.2 21.3 ( 8.5)  32.5 ( 9.4) 0.0 ( 0.0)  4.33
  1990 19 41.9 (16.7)  34.8 (10.0) 4.3 ( 1.6)  6.08
             
Taiwan 1960 37.3 42.6 (15.3)  16.3 ( 3.5) 3.8 ( 1.7)  3.87
  1990 12.4 29.6 (16.6)  43.8 (18.7)  14.2 ( 5.0)  7.98
             
Japan  1960 2.4 47.2 (22.8)  44.8 (26.9) 5.6 ( 2.7)  7.78
  1990 0.2 32.1 (14.7)  50.0 (13.8)  17.7 ( 9.3)  8.98
             
U. S.  1960 1.1 37.6 (17.6)  46.7 (16.5)  14.5 ( 7.0)  8.53

 

  • Note: Average years of schooling is a sum of percentage of the population at each level of schooling weighted by the duration of each school. Source: Barro and Lee (1996).

Table 5. Mathematics and Science Test Scores of 13-Year-Olds, 1991

 

  Subject  
Country Mathematics Science
China 80.2 67.2
Korea 73.4 77.5
Taiwan 72.7 75.6
Switzerland 70.8 73.7
Former Soviet Union 70.2 71.3
Hungary 68.4 73.4
France 64.2 68.6
Italy 64.0 69.9
Israel 63.1 69.7
Canada 62.0 68.8
United Kingdom (England) 60.6 68.7
Ireland 60.5 63.3
Slovenia 57.1 70.3
Spain 55.4 67.5
United States 55.3 67
Portugal 48.3 62.6
Jordan 40.4 56.6
Brazil (Sao Paulo) 37.0 52.7
Mozambique 28.3 --

 

  • Note: The tests were conducted for 19 countries by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA).

    Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1993.


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