LATIN AMERICA.- SOME INDICATORS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE ECONOMY
DURING THE IMPORT-SUBSTITUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION STAGE
by Róbinson Rojas Sandford
The economic information in this set of tables makes possible to
understand the real dimension of structural changes brought about
by the economic policies adopted in the 1950s and 1960s.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 1.- Share of the productive sectors (percentages)
-----------------------------------------
Agriculture Industry1 Services
and basic
services2
1960 1969 1960 1969 1960 1969
Argentina 17.4 15.2 46.4 51.2 36.2 33.6
Brazil 22.1 19.9 33.9 36.3 44.0 43.8
Mexico 16.6 12.8 32.6 36.2 50.8 51.0
Colombia 34.1 30.3 32.3 34.2 33.6 35.5
Venezuela 7.2 7.8 47.3 46.3 45.5 45.9
Peru 24.1 18.2 35.4 38.9 40.5 42.9
Chile 12.1 10.1 46.1 51.5 41.8 38.4
Uruguay 19.3 20.9 35.3 34.5 45.4 44.6
Costa Rica 27.0 22.4 27.2 30.8 45.8 46.8
El Salvador 32.4 26.0 23.7 28.8 43.9 45.2
Guatemala 30.3 27.3 17.7 20.9 52.0 51.8
Honduras 44.1 38.5 22.5 31.0 33.4 30.5
Nicaragua 37.2 27.9 24.6 27.1 38.2 45.0
Panama 24.9 21.0 26.2 33.5 48.9 45.5
Haiti 48.5 45.9 18.5 20.8 33.0 33.3
Dominican Rep. 30.7 24.8 24.7 28.7 44.6 46.5
Ecuador 36.8 31.7 27.4 29.0 35.8 39.3
Paraguay 38.8 34.2 24.7 28.4 36.5 37.4
Bolivia 30.6 23.1 36.4 46.1 33.0 30.8
Latin America 20.2 17.3 36.9 39.6 42.9 43.1
-----------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 1a.- Structure of the employed population (percentages)
-----------------------------------------
Agriculture Industry1 Services
and basic
services2
1960 1969 1960 1969 1960 1969
Argentina 19.1 15.6 38.0 36.9 42.9 47.5
Brazil 52.2 46.6 23.0 23.3 24.8 30.1
Mexico 54.3 47.2 21.5 23.3 24.2 29.5
Colombia 48.2 42.3 24.5 23.0 27.3 34.7
Venezuela 34.2 26.6 23.8 27.2 42.0 46.2
Peru 52.2 46.2 24.8 25.8 23.0 28.0
Chile 26.9 22.5 33.0 31.6 40.1 45.9
Uruguay 19.9 16.6 33.9 31.7 46.2 51.7
Costa Rica 52.5 49.3 20.5 19.6 27.0 31.1
El Salvador 58.3 56.1 18.4 19.1 23.3 24.8
Guatemala 68.0 64.7 15.3 15.5 16.7 19.8
Honduras 71.4 66.9 11.7 12.3 16.9 20.8
Nicaragua 61.8 56.0 18.2 17.4 20.0 26.6
Panama 47.0 43.9 14.7 17.0 38.3 39.1
Haiti 81.2 ... 6.7 ... 12.1 ...
Dominican Rep. 64.8 59.8 14.3 14.2 20.9 26.0
Ecuador 55.8 52.5 21.9 20.4 22.3 27.1
Paraguay 56.1 51.1 19.0 20.1 24.9 28.8
Bolivia 59.7 55.0 20.1 21.1 20.2 23.9
Latin America .. .. .. .. .. ..
________________________________________________________________________
Source: ECLAC, on the basis of official statistics
1 mining, manufacturing and construction
2 electricity, gas, water,; sanitation and transport and communications.
________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 2.- PRODUCT PER PERSON EMPLOYED (dollars at 1960 prices)
1960 1969
Argentina 2,185 2,621
Brazil 949 1,203
Mexico 1,566 2,108
Colombia 1,003 1,182
Venezuela 2,316 2,541
Peru 1,009 1,223
Chile 1,656 1,960
Uruguay 1,932 1,832
Costa Rica 1,380 1,795
El Salvador 859 1,088
Guatemala 862 1,036
Honduras 603 741
Nicaragua 858 1,147
Panama 1,354 2,159
Haiti 233 216
Dominican Rep. 826 838
Ecuador 823 949
Paraguay 723 838
Bolivia 445 579
Latin America 1,259 1,549
________________________________________________________________________
source: ECLAC, on the basis of official statistics
________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 3.- Sectoral productivity (average for the economy = 100)
-----------------------------------------
Agriculture Industry Services
and basic
services
1950 1960 1970 1950 1960 1970 1950 1960 1970
Argentina 78.0 91.1 97.4 118.4 122.1 138.8 102.6 84.4 70.7
Brazil 45.4 42.3 42.7 126.9 147.4 155.8 267.8 177.4 145.5
Mexico 31.3 30.6 27.1 173.6 151.6 155.4 282.3 209.9 172.9
Colombia 68.8 70.7 71.6 124.0 131.8 148.7 178.8 123.1 102.3
Venezuela 19.6 21.1 29.3 217.0 198.7 170.2 189.0 108.3 99.4
Peru 42.9 46.2 39.4 122.2 142.7 150.8 259.9 176.1 153.2
Chile ... 45.0 44.9 ... 139.7 163.0 ... 104.2 83.7
Uruguay 96.9 97.0 125.9 91.6 104.1 108.8 125.8 98.3 86.3
Costa Rica 61.9 51.4 45.4 125.8 132.7 157.1 192.0 169.6 150.5
El Salvador 57.7 55.6 46.3 132.4 128.8 150.8 241.2 188.4 182.3
Guatemala 47.3 44.6 42.2 111.7 115.7 134.8 349.9 311.4 261.6
Honduras 66.1 61.8 57.5 175.1 192.3 252.0 327.1 197.6 146.6
Nicaragua 60.9 60.2 49.8 97.4 135.2 155.7 306.8 191.0 169.2
Panama 59.9 53.0 47.8 155.7 178.2 197.1 235.1 127.7 116.4
Haiti ... 59.7 ... ... 276.1 ... ... 272.7 ...
Dominican Rep. 46.1 47.4 41.5 163.8 172.7 202.1 306.1 213.4 178.8
Ecuador 72.7 65.9 60.4 109.9 125.1 142.2 203.4 160.5 145.0
Paraguay 68.6 69.2 66.9 119.7 130.0 141.3 190.8 146.6 129.9
Bolivia 51.6 51.3 42.0 201.0 181.1 218.5 186.7 163.4 128.9
Latin America ... 42.8 41.0 ... 149.4 159.7 ... 174.4 157.3
________________________________________________________________________
source: ECLAC, on the basis of official statistics
For Chile, the data was supplied by ODEPLAN
________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 4.- Composition of the manufacturing sector (percentages)
Traditional Intermediate Metal
transforming
1955 1968 1955 1968 1955 1968
Argentina 52.2 39.8 21.8 24.0 26.0 36.2
Brazil 52.2 41.9 26.1 30.9 21.7 27.2
Mexico 52.9 41.2 21.6 27.5 25.5 31.3
Colombia 69.3 63.2 24.0 25.0 6.7 11.8
Venezuela 52.6 48.0 34.4 32.7 13.0 19.3
Peru 66.7 57.3 16.4 18.6 16.9 24.1
Chile 57.1* 47.5 27.7* 29.2 15.2* 23.3
Uruguay 62.3 61.3 20.4 26.6 17.3 12.1
Costa Rica
El Salvador 86.6 9.9 3.5
Guatemala 94.2 91.9 5.8 8.1
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama 78.4 73.7 16.2 18.2 5.4 8.1
Haiti
Dominican Rep. 94.6 85.7 5.4 12.5 1.8
Ecuador 75.8 65.5 22.5 28.0 1.7 6.5
Paraguay 70.3 19.8 9.9
Bolivia 82.5x 71.4 14.0x 23.2 3.5x 5.4
Latin America
________________________________________________________________________
source: ECLAC, on the basis of official statistics
* data for 1960 x data for 1958
________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 5.- Investment coefficients in relation to the gross product
(percentages)
1955 1960 1969
Argentina 17.8 22.7 20.9
Brazil 17.4 18.4 19.6
Mexico 19.2 20.1 20.7
Colombia 25.8 20.5 18.6
Venezuela 29.3 17.6 20.3
Peru 24.3 21.6 18.4
Chile 16.6 17.4 17.1
Uruguay 19.6 17.6 15.6
Costa Rica 19.4 19.2 20.3
El Salvador 9.7 15.5 14.1
Guatemala 12.3 10.3 12.5
Honduras 16.5 13.9 20.7
Nicaragua 19.4 15.3 18.8
Panama 14.9 16.3 23.7
Haiti 8.0 5.8 5.0
Dominican Rep. 21.7 13.1 18.8
Ecuador 16.9 15.2 14.7
Paraguay 11.6 16.9 23.7
Bolivia 17.9 15.1 19.1
Latin America 19.3 19.4 19.6
________________________________________________________________________
source: ECLAC
________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 6.- Composition of savings (percentage)
Average 1960-62 Average 1967-69
Internal External Internal External
Argentina 91.0 9.0 99.9 0.1
Brazil 90.3 9.7 94.5 5.5
Mexico 93.2 6.8 91.8 8.2
Colombia 88.4 11.6 87.9 12.1
Venezuela 141.7 -41.7 89.5 10.5
Peru 98.6 1.4 93.3 6.7
Chile 70.8 29.2 91.0 9.0
Uruguay 83.5 16.5 101.4 -1.4
Costa Rica 83.8 16.2 75.8 24.2
El Salvador 89.7 10.3 84.4 15.6
Guatemala 78.5 21.5 77.2 22.8
Honduras 99.5 0.5 73.4 26.6
Nicaragua 83.0 17.0 58.8 41.2
Panama 65.6 34.4 89.8 10.2
Haiti 49.4 50.6 90.5 9.5
Dominican Rep. 121.0 -21.0 56.6 43.4
Ecuador 90.3 9.7 74.5 25.5
Paraguay 86.4 13.6 82.7 17.3
Bolivia 61.4 38.6 70.0 30.0
Latin America 92.9 7.1 92.5 7.5
________________________________________________________________________
source: ECLAC
________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 7.- Composition of fixed investment, by types of goods
(percentages)
1960 1969
------------------------ -----------------------
Construction Machinery Construction Machinery
and and
equipment equipment
Argentina 41.9 58.1 44.2 55.8
Brazil 27.0 73.0 19.4 80.6
Mexico 55.8 44.2 53.8 46.2
Colombia 55.7 44.3 69.6 30.4
Venezuela 67.0 33.0 67.0 33.0
Peru 44.5 55.5 42.5 57.5
Chile 58.8 41.2 49.4 50.6
Uruguay 67.0 33.0 43.7 56.3
Costa Rica 55.0 45.0 52.1 47.9
El Salvador 59.9 40.1 63.7 36.3
Guatemala 48.5 51.5 34.6 65.4
Honduras 63.0 37.0 68.9 31.1
Nicaragua 67.3 32.7 36.3 63.7
Panama 63.3 36.7 40.6 59.4
Haiti 53.7 46.3 63.6 36.4
Dominican Rep. 58.5 41.5 65.9 34.1
Ecuador 57.2 42.8 69.7 30.3
Paraguay 35.4 64.6 32.6 67.4
Bolivia 47.7 52.3 53.7 46.3
Latin America 45.7 54.3 43.8 56.2
________________________________________________________________________
source: ECLAC
________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 8.- Composition of fixed investment, by type of investor
(percentages)
1960 1969
------------------ ------------------
Public Private Public Private
sector sector sector sector
Argentina 23.8(h) 76.2 37.1 62.9
Brazil 40.0 60.0 38.8 62.2
Mexico 43.4 56.6 40.8 59.2
Colombia 14.7 85.3 28.6 71.4
Venezuela 45.7 54.3 36.8 63.2
Peru 13.0 87.0 34.6 65.4
Chile 46.4 53.6 58.6 41.4
Uruguay 15.7 84.3 17.2 82.8
Costa Rica 18.8 81.2 17.7 82.3
El Salvador 19.9 80.1 23.1 76.9
Guatemala 26.0 74.0 22.2 77.8
Honduras 21.1 78.9 27.8 72.2
Nicaragua 22.7 77.3 19.5 80.5
Panama 19.5 80.5 27.5 72.5
Haiti 29.9 70.1 22.7 77.3
Dominican Rep. 48.4 51.6 33.5 66.5
Ecuador 48.0 52.0 40.5 59.5
Paraguay 19.6 80.4 34.9 65.1
Bolivia 43.2 56.8 59.0 41.0
Latin America
________________________________________________________________________
source: ECLAC
y general government
________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 9.- Export and import coefficients in relation to the gross
domestic product (percentages)
Exports coefficients Import coefficients
Average Average Average Average
1960-1962 1967-1969 1960-1962 1967-1969
Argentina 10.8 11.7 12.7 10.0
Brazil 5.6 6.1 6.2 5.7
Mexico 10.7 9.3 11.4 9.8
Colombia 14.9 14.4 15.3 13.1
Venezuela 31.7 28.1 17.8 14.7
Peru 24.5 21.0 23.0 28.6
Chile 13.5 13.6 17.0 16.2
Uruguay 15.9 19.2 19.8 16.4
Costa Rica 21.6 25.9 25.8 30.1
El Salvador 22.3 25.9 22.6 26.1
Guatemala 12.7 18.7 13.6 17.5
Honduras 18.2 24.7 20.2 32.6
Nicaragua 20.6 24.9 23.1 31.9
Panama 31.9 38.5 36.5 39.0
Haiti 16.2 12.4 18.9 14.1
Dominican Rep. 22.2 16.4 19.3 31.1
Ecuador 18.0 18.3 17.4 20.6
Paraguay 14.7 14.6 16.9 19.8
Bolivia 16.5 18.7 25.3 32.5
Latin America 11.0 10.7 10.5 9.8
________________________________________________________________________
source: ECLAC
________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 10.- Relative importance of general government: structure of its
income and current expenditure and share in public investment
Ratio Percentage
total ratio
expenditure general
----------- Current expenditure government/
domestic ------------------- public
product Consumption Other investment
Argentina(g) 1959-1960 20.3 75.0 25.0 33.8
1968-1969 27.0 72.3 37.7 69.3(i)
Brazil 1959-1960 25.0 70.8 29.2 70.3
1967-1968 27.1 56.5 43.5 32.5
Mexico(j) 1960-1961 14.4 58.7 41.3 83.5(k)
1967-1968 16.6 53.1 46.9 62.5(k)
Colombia 1959-1960 10.4 82.5 17.5 158.5(k)
1967-1968 14.7 71.5 28.5 97.3
Venezuela 1960-1961 23.4 90.3 9.7 79.6
1967-1968 22.4 89.4 10.6 85.1
Peru 1960-1961 18.9 68.8 31.2 45.9
1966-1967 20.4 60.2 39.8 16.5
Chile 1960-1961 31.2 48.0 52.0 38.5
1967-1968 36.1 48.6 51.4 54.6
Uruguay 1959-1960 25.1 38.9 61.1 47.1
1966-1967 27.9 54.5 45.5 57.1
Costa Rica 1959-1960 16.7 84.3 15.7 82.4
1967-1968 19.3 83.9 16.1 34.6
El Salvador 1959-1960 15.3 78.1 21.9 81.5
1967-1968 14.4 72.2 27.8 82.1
Guatemala 1959-1960 11.7 87.5 12.5 68.2
1966-1967 12.1 82.8 17.2 50.7
Honduras 1959-1960 11.9 98.4 1.6 11.6
1966-1967 15.1 87.1 12.9 37.5
Nicaragua 1960-1961 13.7 91.5 8.5 61.7
1968-1969 16.0 88.7 11.3 58.8
Panama 1960-1961 17.0 83.1 16.9 98.8
1967-1968 19.8 79.5 20.5 75.9
Dominican Rep.1959-1960 21.8 83.7 16.3 46.6
(l) 1967-1968 20.0 76.0 24.0 61.9
Ecuador 1959-1960 22.3 76.3 23.7 77.4
1966-1967 22.9 74.0 26.0 123.8
Paraguay 1962-1963 10.3 86.0 13.9 86.5
1968-1969 17.1 80.6 19.4 31.5
Bolivia 1959-1960 20.3 61.5 38.5 -1.5
1968-1969 22.5 75.9 24.1 7.1
Latin America
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* The share of total government expenditure should be greater, since
the current expenditure of a series of decentralized bodies and local
authorities was not included for lack of information. The structure
of income and current expenditure refers only to the Federal
Government and Federal District
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Current income
----------------------------------------------
Taxation
----------------------------- Non-tax
Indirect Direct Total
taxes taxes
Argentina 1959-1960 69.3 30.7 82.5 17.5
1968-1969 73.7 26.3 78.2 21.8
Brazil 1959-1960 71.4 28.6 88.8 11.2
1967-1968 74.6 25.4 89.3 10.7
Mexico(j) 1960-1961
1967-1968
Colombia 1959-1960
1967-1968
Venezuela 1960-1961
1967-1968
Peru 1960-1961
1966-1967
Chile 1960-1961
1967-1968
Uruguay 1959-1960
1966-1967
Costa Rica 1959-1960
1967-1968
El Salvador 1959-1960
1967-1968
Guatemala 1959-1960
1966-1967
Honduras 1959-1960
1966-1967
Nicaragua 1960-1961
1968-1969
Panama 1960-1961
1967-1968
Dominican Rep.1959-1960
(l) 1967-1968
Ecuador 1959-1960
1966-1967
Paraguay 1962-1963
1968-1969
Bolivia 1959-1960
1968-1969
Latin America
________________________________________________________________________
source: ECLAC
(g) the structure of current expenditure plus public investment
(h) general government
(i) includes a projection of total public saving and public investment
for 1970
(j) the share of total government expenditure should be greater, since
the current expenditure of a series of decentralized bodies and
local authorities was not included for lack of information. The
structure of income and current expenditure refers only to the
Federal Government and Federal District
(k) the data used refer to total saving in the public sector
(l) the composition of expenditure refers to the Central Government
________________________________________________________________________
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TABLE 1: Latin America, average productivity by active persons by
sector. Late 1960s, and in US dollars of 1960
-------------------------------------------
ALL SECTORS
% of work Average
force prod.(US$)
TOTL 100.0 1,371
Agriculture 42.2 694
Mining 1.0 6,484
Manufacturing 13.8 2,517
a) manufacturing 7.7 4,168
b) handicraft 6.1 419
Building 4.5 1,116
Basic Services 5.5 2,174
Commerce 10.1 2,731
Other Services 17.3 1,283
--------------------------------------------
MODERN SECTOR
TOTAL 12.4 5,909
Agriculture 6.8 4,830
Mining 38.0 15,606
Manufacturing 17.5 8,938
a) manufacturing 28.1 9,800
b) handicraft 4.1 1,760
Building 24.8 2,322
Basic Services 25.0 4,276
Commerce 14.0 8,990
Other Services 16.2 2,713
---------------------------------------------
INTERMEDIATE SECTOR
TOTAL 47.7 1,194
Agriculture 27.7 830
Mining 34.2 1,420
Manufacturing 64.9 1,400
a) manufacturing 71.9 1,960
b) handicraft 55.9 470
Building 64.9 800
Basic Services 71.6 1,530
Commerce 76.1 1,990
Other Services 70.5 940
----------------------------------------------
PRIMITIVE SECTOR
TOTAL 34.3 203
Agriculture 65.5 205
Mining 27.8 246
Manufacturing 17.6 220
a) manufacturing - -
b) handicraft 40.0 220
Building 10.3 203
Basic Services 3.4 220
Commerce 9.9 340
Other Services 13.3 160
----------------------------------------------
RATIO MODERN/PRIMITIVE (average productivity)
TOTAL 29.0
Agriculture 24.0
Mining 63.0
Manufacturing 41.0
a) manufacturing -
b) handicraft 8.0
Building 11.0
Basic Services 19.0
Commerce 26.0
Other Services 17.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------
DISTRIBUTION OF THE WORK FORCE
MODERN INTERMEDIATE PRIMITIVE TOTAL
TOTAL 12.4 47.7 34.3 100.0
Agriculture 6.8 27.7 65.5 100.0
Mining 38.0 34.2 27.8 100.0
Manufacturing 17.5 64.9 17.6 100.0
a) manufacturing 28.1 71.9 - 100.0
b) handicraft 4.1 55.9 40.0 100.0
Building 24.8 64.9 10.3 100.0
Basic Services 25.0 71.6 3.4 100.0
Commerce 14.0 76.1 9.9 100.0
Other Services 16.2 70.5 13.3 100.0
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Souce: Anibal Pinto, "Distribucion y Redistribucion del Ingreso en
America Latina", EL TRIMESTRE ECONOMICO, No. 162,
April-June 1974, Mexico, p. 372
---------------------------------------------------------------------
________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 11.-
Argentina
Brazil
Mexico
Colombia
Venezuela
Peru
Chile
Uruguay
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Haiti
Dominican Rep.
Ecuador
Paraguay
Bolivia
Latin America
________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 12.-
Argentina
Brazil
Mexico
Colombia
Venezuela
Peru
Chile
Uruguay
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Haiti
Dominican Rep.
Ecuador
Paraguay
Bolivia
Latin America
________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 13.-
Argentina
Brazil
Mexico
Colombia
Venezuela
Peru
Chile
Uruguay
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Haiti
Dominican Rep.
Ecuador
Paraguay
Bolivia
Latin America
________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 14.-
Argentina
Brazil
Mexico
Colombia
Venezuela
Peru
Chile
Uruguay
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Haiti
Dominican Rep.
Ecuador
Paraguay
Bolivia
Latin America
________________________________________________________________________
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