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World Development Report 1996. Statistical Annex
Table 7. Education
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percentage of age group enrolled in education Percentage Percentage
of cohort reaching
Primary Secondary grade 4 Adult illiteracy (%)
- -
Female Male Female Male Tertiary Female Male Female Male
------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------------- ------ ------
1980 1993 1980 1993 1980 1993 1980 1993 1980 1993 1980 1988 1980 1988 1995 1995
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Low-income economies 80 w 98 w 103 w 112 w 26 w 42 w 42 w 55 w 3 w .. 45 w 24 w
Excluding China & India 64 w 67 w 85 w 82 w 15 w 21 w 27 w 30 w 4 w .. 55 w 37 w
1 Rwanda 60 50 66 50 3 9 4 11 0 .. 74 75 73 73 48 30
2 Mozambique 84 51 114 69 3 6 8 9 0 0 .. 60 .. 67 77 42
3 Ethiopia /a 23 19 44 27 6 11 11 12 0 1 48 .. 42 .. 75 55
4 Tanzania 86 69 99 71 2 5 4 6 .. .. 89 87 90 87 43 21
5 Burundi 21 63 32 76 2 5 4 9 1 1 83 76 83 78 78 51
----- --------- --------- --------- --------------
6 Sierra Leone 43 .. 61 .. 8 .. 20 .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. 82 55
7 Malawi 48 77 72 84 2 3 5 6 1 1 55 68 62 73 58 28
8 Chad .. 38 .. 80 .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. 66 .. 74 65 38
9 Uganda 43 83 56 99 3 10 7 17 1 1 74 .. 83 .. 50 26
10 Madagascar 133 72 139 75 .. 14 .. 14 3 4 .. 64 .. 63 .. ..
----- --------- --------- --------- -------------
11 Nepal 49 85 117 129 9 23 33 46 6 3 .. .. .. .. 86 59
12 Vietnam 106 .. 111 .. 40 .. 44 .. 2 2 67 .. 71 .. 9 4
13 Bangladesh 46 105 76 128 9 12 26 26 3 .. 30 46 29 44 74 51
14 Haiti 70 .. 82 .. 13 .. 14 .. 1 .. 64 60 63 60 58 52
15 Niger 18 21 33 35 3 4 7 9 0 1 79 .. 82 .. 93 79
----- --------- --------- --------- -------------
16 Guinea-Bissau 43 .. 94 .. 2 2 10 10 .. .. 47 .. 63 .. 58 32
17 Kenya 110 91 120 92 16 23 23 28 1 .. 85 .. 84 .. 30 14
18 Mali 19 24 34 38 5 6 12 12 1 .. 77 .. 73 .. 77 61
19 Nigeria 104 82 135 105 14 27 27 32 2 .. .. 73 .. 88 53 33
20 Yemen, Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
----- -------- --------- --------- -------------
21 Burkina Faso 14 30 23 47 2 6 4 11 0 .. 79 83 79 83 91 71
22 Mongolia 107 .. 107 .. 97 .. 85 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
23 India 67 91 98 113 20 38 39 59 5 .. 52 .. 57 .. 62 35
24 Lao PDR 104 92 123 123 16 19 25 31 0 2 31 .. 31 .. 56 31
25 Togo 91 81 146 122 16 12 51 34 2 3 84 82 90 87 63 33
----- --------- --------- --------- -------------
26 Gambia, The 35 61 67 84 7 13 16 25 .. .. .. .. .. .. 75 47
27 Nicaragua 102 105 96 101 45 44 39 39 13 9 55 .. 51 .. 33 35
28 Zambia 83 99 97 109 11 .. 22 .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. 29 14
29 Tajikistan .. 88 .. 91 .. 101 .. 98 24 25 .. .. .. .. .. ..
30 Benin 41 44 87 88 9 7 24 17 2 .. 73 .. 77 .. 74 51
----- --------- --------- --------- -------------
31 Central African Repu 51 51 92 92 7 .. 21 .. 1 2 .. 81 .. 85 48 32
32 Albania 111 97 116 95 63 .. 70 .. 8 10 96 .. 97 .. .. ..
33 Ghana 71 70 89 83 31 28 51 44 2 .. 82 .. 87 .. 47 24
34 Pakistan 27 49 51 80 8 .. 20 .. .. .. 41 45 53 55 76 50
35 Mauritania 26 62 47 76 4 11 17 19 .. 4 86 83 96 82 74 50
----- -------- --------- --------- -------------
36 Azerbaijan .. 87 .. 91 .. 88 .. 89 25 26 .. .. .. .. .. ..
37 Zimbabwe 57 114 65 123 7 40 8 51 1 6 64 80 67 81 20 10
38 Guinea 25 30 48 61 10 6 24 17 5 .. 57 73 85 80 78 50
39 China 103 116 121 120 37 51 54 60 1 4 .. 81 .. 97 27 10
40 Honduras 99 112 98 111 31 37 29 29 8 9 40 .. 35 .. 27 27
----- --------- --------- --------- -------------
41 Senegal 37 50 56 67 7 11 15 21 3 3 90 90 93 94 77 57
42 C“te d'Ivoire 63 58 95 80 12 17 27 33 3 .. 91 83 94 85 70 50
43 Congo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 91 87 91 88 33 17
44 Kyrgyz Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 21 .. .. .. .. .. ..
45 Sri Lanka 100 105 105 106 57 78 52 71 3 6 .. 98 .. 97 13 7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
46 Armenia .. 93 .. 87 .. 90 .. 80 30 49 .. .. .. .. .. ..
47 Cameroon 89 .. 107 .. 13 .. 24 .. 2 2 81 .. 81 .. 48 25
48 Egypt, Arab Rep. 61 89 84 105 39 69 61 81 16 17 83 97 75 92 61 36
49 Lesotho 120 105 85 90 21 31 14 21 2 2 77 84 61 74 38 19
50 Georgia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
51 Myanmar 89 .. 93 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 11
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Middle-income economies 101 w 102 w 107 w 105 w 48 w 63 w 53 w 65 w 20 w 23 w .. ..
Lower-middle-income 99 w 101 w 107 w 105 w 49 w 62 w 55 w 64 w 24 w 24 w .. ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
52 Bolivia 81 .. 92 .. 32 .. 42 .. 16 23 50 .. 52 .. 24 10
53 Macedonia, FYR .. 87 .. 88 .. 55 .. 53 28 16 .. .. .. .. .. ..
54 Moldova .. 77 .. 78 .. 72 .. 67 29 35 .. .. .. .. .. ..
55 Indonesia 100 112 115 116 23 39 35 48 .. 10 65 82 88 97 22 10
56 Philippines 112 .. 113 .. 69 .. 61 .. 24 26 .. 85 .. 84 6 5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
57 Uzbekistan .. 79 .. 80 .. 92 .. 96 30 33 .. .. .. .. .. ..
58 Morocco 63 60 102 85 20 29 32 40 6 10 89 85 90 85 69 43
59 Kazakstan .. 86 .. 86 .. 91 .. 89 34 42 .. .. .. .. .. ..
60 Guatemala 65 78 77 89 17 23 20 25 8 .. 56 .. 66 .. 51 38
61 Papua New Guinea 51 67 66 80 8 10 15 15 2 .. 85 67 77 68 37 19
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
62 Bulgaria 98 84 98 87 84 70 85 66 16 32 95 90 98 93 .. ..
63 Romania 101 86 102 87 69 82 73 83 12 12 .. 94 .. 93 .. ..
64 Ecuador 116 122 119 124 53 56 53 54 35 .. 76 .. 78 .. 12 8
65 Dominican Republic .. 99 .. 95 .. 43 .. 30 .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 18
66 Lithuania .. 90 .. 95 .. 79 .. 76 49 39 .. .. .. .. .. ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
67 El Salvador 75 80 75 79 23 30 26 27 4 15 55 .. 52 .. 30 27
68 Jordan 102 95 105 94 73 54 79 52 27 19 95 97 95 99 21 7
69 Jamaica 104 108 103 109 71 70 63 62 7 6 .. 100 .. 98 11 19
70 Paraguay 101 110 107 114 24 38 25 36 8 10 74 81 75 79 9 7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
71 Algeria 81 96 108 111 26 55 40 66 6 11 91 96 92 97 51 26
72 Colombia 126 120 123 118 41 68 40 57 9 16 46 74 42 72 9 9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: For data comparability and coverage, see the technical notes. Figures in italics are for years other than those specified.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
73 Tunisia 88 113 118 123 20 49 34 55 5 11 90 93 94 93 45 21
74 Ukraine .. 87 .. 87 .. 95 .. 65 42 46 .. .. .. .. .. ..
75 Namibia .. 138 .. 134 .. 61 .. 49 .. 3 .. 64 .. 65 .. ..
76 Peru 111 .. 117 .. 54 .. 63 .. 17 40 83 .. 85 .. 17 6
77 Belarus .. 95 .. 96 .. 96 .. 89 39 44 .. .. .. .. .. ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
78 Slovak Republic .. 101 .. 101 .. 90 .. 87 .. 17 .. .. .. .. .. ..
79 Latvia .. 82 .. 83 .. 90 .. 84 45 39 .. .. .. .. .. ..
80 Costa Rica 104 105 106 106 51 49 44 45 21 30 84 90 80 92 5 5
81 Poland 99 97 100 98 80 87 75 82 18 26 .. 97 .. 98 .. ..
82 Thailand 97 97 100 98 28 37 30 38 13 19 .. .. .. .. 8 4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
83 Turkey 90 98 102 107 24 48 44 74 5 16 .. 98 .. 99 28 8
84 Croatia .. 87 .. 87 .. 86 .. 80 .. 27 .. .. .. .. .. ..
85 Panama 105 .. 108 .. 65 .. 58 .. 21 23 88 86 87 84 10 9
86 Russian Federation 102 107 102 107 97 91 95 84 46 45 .. .. .. .. .. ..
87 Venezuela 104 97 104 95 25 41 18 29 21 29 83 .. 84 .. 10 8
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
88 Botswana 100 120 83 113 20 55 17 49 1 3 98 95 91 91 40 20
89 Estonia .. 83 .. 84 .. 96 .. 87 43 38 .. .. .. .. .. ..
90 Iran, Islamic Rep. .. 101 .. 109 32 58 52 74 .. 15 .. 93 .. 94 34 22
91 Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Upper-middle-income 103 w .. 106 w .. 47 w .. 48 w .. 13 w 20 w 14 w 12 w
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
92 Brazil 97 .. 101 .. 36 .. 31 .. 11 12 .. .. .. .. 17 17
93 South Africa .. 110 .. 111 .. 84 .. 71 .. 13 .. .. .. .. 18 18
94 Mauritius 91 106 94 107 49 60 51 58 1 4 97 99 97 99 21 13
95 Czech Republic .. 100 .. 99 .. 88 .. 85 18 16 .. .. .. .. .. ..
96 Malaysia 92 93 93 93 46 61 50 56 4 .. .. 99 .. 98 22 11
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
97 Chile 108 98 110 99 56 70 49 65 12 27 81 95 78 95 5 5
98 Trinidad and Tobago 100 94 98 94 62 78 60 74 4 8 89 97 83 96 3 1
99 Hungary 97 94 96 94 67 82 72 79 14 17 96 98 96 98 .. ..
100 Gabon .. 136 .. 132 .. .. .. .. .. 3 79 .. 82 .. 47 26
101 Mexico 121 110 122 114 46 58 51 57 14 14 63 74 85 95 13 8
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
102 Uruguay 107 108 107 109 62 .. 61 .. 17 30 99 99 93 99 2 3
103 Oman 36 82 69 87 6 57 19 64 .. 5 77 96 99 97 .. ..
104 Slovenia .. 97 .. 97 .. 90 .. 88 .. 28 .. .. .. .. .. ..
105 Saudi Arabia 49 73 74 78 23 43 36 54 7 14 90 93 91 93 50 29
106 Greece 103 .. 103 .. 77 .. 85 .. 17 .. 98 99 98 98 .. ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
107 Argentina 106 107 106 108 60 75 52 70 22 41 76 .. 73 .. 4 4
108 Korea, Rep. 111 102 109 100 74 92 82 93 15 48 96 100 96 100 b b
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Low- and middle-income 89 w 99 w 117 104 w 110 w 48 32 w 50 w 45 w 59 w 8 w .. .. ..
Sub-Saharan Africa 69 w 64 w .. 91 w 77 w 23 10 w 23 w 20 w .. 1 w .. 54 w 35 w
East Asia & Pacific 103 w 115 w 120 117 w 119 w 54 38 w 53 w 51 w 61 w 3 w 6 w 24 w 9 w
South Asia 60 w 87 w 113 91 w 110 w 38 18 w 35 w 36 w 55 w 5 w .. 64 w 37 w
Europe and Central Asia .. 97 w 103 .. 97 w 85 .. 90 w .. 81 w 31 w .. .. ..
Middle East & N. Africa 74 w 91 w 107 98 w 104 w 53 32 w 51 w 52 w .. 11 w .. 50 w 28 w
Latin America & Caribbe 105 w .. .. 108 w .. 36 41 w .. 40 w .. 14 w 15 w 14 w 12 w
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
High-income economies 102 w 104 w 105 103 w 104 w .. 98 w .. 97 w 37 w 53 w .. ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
109 Portugal 123 118 124 122 40 .. 34 .. 11 23 .. .. .. .. .. ..
110 New Zealand 111 101 111 102 84 104 82 103 27 58 .. 97 .. 97 b b
111 Spain 109 105 110 104 89 120 85 107 23 41 94 93 92 91 .. ..
112 Ireland 100 103 100 103 95 110 85 101 18 34 100 100 97 99 b b
113 +Israel 97 96 95 95 76 91 66 84 29 35 98 97 97 98 .. ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
114 Australia 110 107 112 108 72 86 70 83 25 42 97 100 94 99 b b
115 United Kingdom 103 113 103 112 85 94 82 91 19 37 .. .. .. .. b b
116 Finland 96 100 97 100 105 130 94 110 32 63 99 98 99 98 b b
117 Italy 100 99 100 98 70 82 73 81 27 37 .. .. .. .. b b
118 +Kuwait 100 65 105 65 76 60 84 60 11 16 81 .. 85 .. 25 18
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
119 Canada 99 104 99 106 89 103 87 104 52 103 97 98 94 95 b b
120 +Hong Kong 106 .. 107 .. 65 .. 63 .. 10 21 99 .. 100 .. 12 4
121 Netherlands 101 99 99 96 90 120 95 126 29 45 100 .. 97 .. b b
122 +Singapore 106 .. 109 .. 59 .. 56 .. 8 .. 100 .. 99 .. 14 4
123 Belgium 103 100 104 99 92 104 90 103 26 .. 81 .. 78 .. b b
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
124 France 110 105 112 107 92 107 77 104 25 50 95 95 93 100 b b
125 Sweden 97 100 96 100 93 100 83 99 31 38 100 .. 99 .. b b
126 Austria 98 103 99 103 87 104 98 109 22 43 97 100 92 98 b b
127 Germany /c 99 98 99 97 92 100 96 101 26 36 98 99 96 97 b b
128 United States 100 106 101 107 .. 97 .. 98 56 81 .. .. .. .. b b
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
129 Norway 100 99 100 99 96 114 92 118 26 54 100 .. 99 .. b b
130 Denmark 95 98 96 97 104 115 105 112 28 41 .. 98 .. 98 b b
131 Japan 101 102 101 102 94 97 92 95 31 30 100 100 100 100 b b
132 Switzerland .. 102 .. 100 .. 89 .. 93 18 31 94 .. 92 .. b b
133 +United Arab Emirates 88 108 90 112 49 94 55 84 3 11 .. 93 .. 94 20 21
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
World 89 w 100 w 104 w 109 w 38 w 57 w 49 w 65 w 13 w 18 w .. ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a. Data for 1980 include Eritrea. b. According to UNESCO, illiteracy is less than 5 percent. c. Data before 1990 refer to the Federal Republic of Germany before unification.
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