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World Development Report 1996. Statistical Annex


Table 7. Education
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                             Percentage of age group enrolled in education                                              Percentage                       Percentage
                                                                                                                                   of cohort reaching
                                     Primary           Secondary                                                                         grade 4                     Adult illiteracy (%)
                                                 -                                       -                                                        
                            Female              Male                Female              Male              Tertiary            Female                Male             Female        Male
                         ------------        ------------        ------------        ------------        ------------        ------------        ------------------- ------        ------
                         1980  1993          1980  1993          1980  1993          1980  1993          1980  1993          1980  1988          1980  1988          1995          1995
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Low-income economies       80 w  98 w         103 w 112 w          26 w  42 w          42 w  55 w           3 w  ..                                                    45 w          24 w
  Excluding China & India  64 w  67 w          85 w  82 w          15 w  21 w          27 w  30 w           4 w  ..                                                    55 w          37 w
 1   Rwanda                60    50            66    50             3     9             4    11             0    ..            74    75            73    73            48            30
 2   Mozambique            84    51           114    69             3     6             8     9             0     0            ..    60            ..    67            77            42
 3   Ethiopia  /a          23    19            44    27             6    11            11    12             0     1            48    ..            42    ..            75            55
 4   Tanzania              86    69            99    71             2     5             4     6            ..    ..            89    87            90    87            43            21
 5   Burundi               21    63            32    76             2     5             4     9             1     1            83    76            83    78            78            51
-----                                                   ---------                               ---------           ---------                                             --------------
 6   Sierra Leone          43    ..            61    ..             8    ..            20    ..             1    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            82            55
 7   Malawi                48    77            72    84             2     3             5     6             1     1            55    68            62    73            58            28
 8   Chad                  ..    38            ..    80            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..     1            ..    66            ..    74            65            38
 9   Uganda                43    83            56    99             3    10             7    17             1     1            74    ..            83    ..            50            26
 10  Madagascar           133    72           139    75            ..    14            ..    14             3     4            ..    64            ..    63            ..            ..
-----                                                   ---------                               ---------           ---------                                              -------------
 11  Nepal                 49    85           117   129             9    23            33    46             6     3            ..    ..            ..    ..            86            59
 12  Vietnam              106    ..           111    ..            40    ..            44    ..             2     2            67    ..            71    ..             9             4
 13  Bangladesh            46   105            76   128             9    12            26    26             3    ..            30    46            29    44            74            51
 14  Haiti                 70    ..            82    ..            13    ..            14    ..             1    ..            64    60            63    60            58            52
 15  Niger                 18    21            33    35             3     4             7     9             0     1            79    ..            82    ..            93            79
-----                                                   ---------                               ---------           ---------                                              -------------
 16  Guinea-Bissau         43    ..            94    ..             2     2            10    10            ..    ..            47    ..            63    ..            58            32
 17  Kenya                110    91           120    92            16    23            23    28             1    ..            85    ..            84    ..            30            14
 18  Mali                  19    24            34    38             5     6            12    12             1    ..            77    ..            73    ..            77            61
 19  Nigeria              104    82           135   105            14    27            27    32             2    ..            ..    73            ..    88            53            33
 20  Yemen, Rep.           ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
-----                                                    --------                               ---------           ---------                                              -------------
 21  Burkina Faso          14    30            23    47             2     6             4    11             0    ..            79    83            79    83            91            71
 22  Mongolia             107    ..           107    ..            97    ..            85    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 23  India                 67    91            98   113            20    38            39    59             5    ..            52    ..            57    ..            62            35
 24  Lao PDR              104    92           123   123            16    19            25    31             0     2            31    ..            31    ..            56            31
 25  Togo                  91    81           146   122            16    12            51    34             2     3            84    82            90    87            63            33
-----                                                   ---------                               ---------           ---------                                              -------------
 26  Gambia, The           35    61            67    84             7    13            16    25            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            75            47
 27  Nicaragua            102   105            96   101            45    44            39    39            13     9            55    ..            51    ..            33            35
 28  Zambia                83    99            97   109            11    ..            22    ..             2    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            29            14
 29  Tajikistan            ..    88            ..    91            ..   101            ..    98            24    25            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 30  Benin                 41    44            87    88             9     7            24    17             2    ..            73    ..            77    ..            74            51
-----                                                   ---------                               ---------           ---------                                              -------------
 31  Central African Repu  51    51            92    92             7    ..            21    ..             1     2            ..    81            ..    85            48            32
 32  Albania              111    97           116    95            63    ..            70    ..             8    10            96    ..            97    ..            ..            ..
 33  Ghana                 71    70            89    83            31    28            51    44             2    ..            82    ..            87    ..            47            24
 34  Pakistan              27    49            51    80             8    ..            20    ..            ..    ..            41    45            53    55            76            50
 35  Mauritania            26    62            47    76             4    11            17    19            ..     4            86    83            96    82            74            50
-----                                                    --------                               ---------           ---------                                              -------------
 36  Azerbaijan            ..    87            ..    91            ..    88            ..    89            25    26            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 37  Zimbabwe              57   114            65   123             7    40             8    51             1     6            64    80            67    81            20            10
 38  Guinea                25    30            48    61            10     6            24    17             5    ..            57    73            85    80            78            50
 39  China                103   116           121   120            37    51            54    60             1     4            ..    81            ..    97            27            10
 40  Honduras              99   112            98   111            31    37            29    29             8     9            40    ..            35    ..            27            27
-----                                                   ---------                               ---------           ---------                                              -------------
 41  Senegal               37    50            56    67             7    11            15    21             3     3            90    90            93    94            77            57
 42  C“te d'Ivoire         63    58            95    80            12    17            27    33             3    ..            91    83            94    85            70            50
 43  Congo                 ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            91    87            91    88            33            17
 44  Kyrgyz Republic       ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            28    21            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 45  Sri Lanka            100   105           105   106            57    78            52    71             3     6            ..    98            ..    97            13             7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 46  Armenia               ..    93            ..    87            ..    90            ..    80            30    49            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 47  Cameroon              89    ..           107    ..            13    ..            24    ..             2     2            81    ..            81    ..            48            25
 48  Egypt, Arab Rep.      61    89            84   105            39    69            61    81            16    17            83    97            75    92            61            36
 49  Lesotho              120   105            85    90            21    31            14    21             2     2            77    84            61    74            38            19
 50  Georgia               ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            30    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 51  Myanmar               89    ..            93    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            22            11
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Middle-income economies   101 w 102 w         107 w 105 w          48 w  63 w          53 w  65 w          20 w  23 w                                                  ..            ..
  Lower-middle-income      99 w 101 w         107 w 105 w          49 w  62 w          55 w  64 w          24 w  24 w                                                  ..            ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 52  Bolivia               81    ..            92    ..            32    ..            42    ..            16    23            50    ..            52    ..            24            10
 53  Macedonia, FYR        ..    87            ..    88            ..    55            ..    53            28    16            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 54  Moldova               ..    77            ..    78            ..    72            ..    67            29    35            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 55  Indonesia            100   112           115   116            23    39            35    48            ..    10            65    82            88    97            22            10
 56  Philippines          112    ..           113    ..            69    ..            61    ..            24    26            ..    85            ..    84             6             5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 57  Uzbekistan            ..    79            ..    80            ..    92            ..    96            30    33            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 58  Morocco               63    60           102    85            20    29            32    40             6    10            89    85            90    85            69            43
 59  Kazakstan             ..    86            ..    86            ..    91            ..    89            34    42            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 60  Guatemala             65    78            77    89            17    23            20    25             8    ..            56    ..            66    ..            51            38
 61  Papua New Guinea      51    67            66    80             8    10            15    15             2    ..            85    67            77    68            37            19
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 62  Bulgaria              98    84            98    87            84    70            85    66            16    32            95    90            98    93            ..            ..
 63  Romania              101    86           102    87            69    82            73    83            12    12            ..    94            ..    93            ..            ..
 64  Ecuador              116   122           119   124            53    56            53    54            35    ..            76    ..            78    ..            12             8
 65  Dominican Republic    ..    99            ..    95            ..    43            ..    30            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            18            18
 66  Lithuania             ..    90            ..    95            ..    79            ..    76            49    39            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 67  El Salvador           75    80            75    79            23    30            26    27             4    15            55    ..            52    ..            30            27
 68  Jordan               102    95           105    94            73    54            79    52            27    19            95    97            95    99            21             7
 69  Jamaica              104   108           103   109            71    70            63    62             7     6            ..   100            ..    98            11            19
 70  Paraguay             101   110           107   114            24    38            25    36             8    10            74    81            75    79             9             7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 71  Algeria               81    96           108   111            26    55            40    66             6    11            91    96            92    97            51            26
 72  Colombia             126   120           123   118            41    68            40    57             9    16            46    74            42    72             9             9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:  For data comparability and coverage, see the technical notes.  Figures in italics are for years other than those specified.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 73  Tunisia               88   113           118   123            20    49            34    55             5    11            90    93            94    93            45            21
 74  Ukraine               ..    87            ..    87            ..    95            ..    65            42    46            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 75  Namibia               ..   138            ..   134            ..    61            ..    49            ..     3            ..    64            ..    65            ..            ..
 76  Peru                 111    ..           117    ..            54    ..            63    ..            17    40            83    ..            85    ..            17             6
 77  Belarus               ..    95            ..    96            ..    96            ..    89            39    44            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 78  Slovak Republic       ..   101            ..   101            ..    90            ..    87            ..    17            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 79  Latvia                ..    82            ..    83            ..    90            ..    84            45    39            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 80  Costa Rica           104   105           106   106            51    49            44    45            21    30            84    90            80    92             5             5
 81  Poland                99    97           100    98            80    87            75    82            18    26            ..    97            ..    98            ..            ..
 82  Thailand              97    97           100    98            28    37            30    38            13    19            ..    ..            ..    ..             8             4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 83  Turkey                90    98           102   107            24    48            44    74             5    16            ..    98            ..    99            28             8
 84  Croatia               ..    87            ..    87            ..    86            ..    80            ..    27            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 85  Panama               105    ..           108    ..            65    ..            58    ..            21    23            88    86            87    84            10             9
 86  Russian Federation   102   107           102   107            97    91            95    84            46    45            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 87  Venezuela            104    97           104    95            25    41            18    29            21    29            83    ..            84    ..            10             8
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 88  Botswana             100   120            83   113            20    55            17    49             1     3            98    95            91    91            40            20
 89  Estonia               ..    83            ..    84            ..    96            ..    87            43    38            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 90  Iran, Islamic Rep.    ..   101            ..   109            32    58            52    74            ..    15            ..    93            ..    94            34            22
 91  Turkmenistan          ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            23    ..            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Upper-middle-income     103 w  ..           106 w  ..            47 w  ..            48 w  ..            13 w  20 w                                                  14 w          12 w
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 92  Brazil                97    ..           101    ..            36    ..            31    ..            11    12            ..    ..            ..    ..            17            17
 93  South Africa          ..   110            ..   111            ..    84            ..    71            ..    13            ..    ..            ..    ..            18            18
 94  Mauritius             91   106            94   107            49    60            51    58             1     4            97    99            97    99            21            13
 95  Czech Republic        ..   100            ..    99            ..    88            ..    85            18    16            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
 96  Malaysia              92    93            93    93            46    61            50    56             4    ..            ..    99            ..    98            22            11
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 97  Chile                108    98           110    99            56    70            49    65            12    27            81    95            78    95             5             5
 98  Trinidad and Tobago  100    94            98    94            62    78            60    74             4     8            89    97            83    96             3             1
 99  Hungary               97    94            96    94            67    82            72    79            14    17            96    98            96    98            ..            ..
100  Gabon                 ..   136            ..   132            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..     3            79    ..            82    ..            47            26
101  Mexico               121   110           122   114            46    58            51    57            14    14            63    74            85    95            13             8
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
102  Uruguay              107   108           107   109            62    ..            61    ..            17    30            99    99            93    99             2             3
103  Oman                  36    82            69    87             6    57            19    64            ..     5            77    96            99    97            ..            ..
104  Slovenia              ..    97            ..    97            ..    90            ..    88            ..    28            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
105  Saudi Arabia          49    73            74    78            23    43            36    54             7    14            90    93            91    93            50            29
106  Greece               103    ..           103    ..            77    ..            85    ..            17    ..            98    99            98    98            ..            ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
107  Argentina            106   107           106   108            60    75            52    70            22    41            76    ..            73    ..             4             4
108  Korea, Rep.          111   102           109   100            74    92            82    93            15    48            96   100            96   100             b             b
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Low- and middle-income     89 w  99 w  117    104 w 110 w     48   32 w  50 w          45 w  59 w           8 w  ..                                                    ..            ..
  Sub-Saharan Africa       69 w  64 w   ..     91 w 77  w     23   10 w  23 w          20 w  ..             1 w  ..                                                    54 w          35 w
  East Asia & Pacific     103 w 115 w  120    117 w 119 w     54   38 w  53 w          51 w  61 w           3 w   6 w                                                  24 w           9 w
  South Asia               60 w  87 w  113     91 w 110 w     38   18 w  35 w          36 w  55 w           5 w  ..                                                    64 w          37 w
  Europe and Central Asia  ..    97 w  103     ..   97  w     85   ..    90 w          ..    81 w          31 w  ..                                                    ..            ..
  Middle East & N. Africa  74 w  91 w  107     98 w 104 w     53   32 w  51 w          52 w  ..            11 w  ..                                                    50 w          28 w
  Latin America & Caribbe 105 w  ..     ..    108 w ..        36   41 w  ..            40 w  ..            14 w  15 w                                                  14 w          12 w
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
High-income economies     102 w 104 w  105    103 w 104 w          ..    98 w          ..    97 w          37 w  53 w                                                  ..            ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
109  Portugal             123   118           124   122            40    ..            34    ..            11    23            ..    ..            ..    ..            ..            ..
110  New Zealand          111   101           111   102            84   104            82   103            27    58            ..    97            ..    97             b             b
111  Spain                109   105           110   104            89   120            85   107            23    41            94    93            92    91            ..            ..
112  Ireland              100   103           100   103            95   110            85   101            18    34           100   100            97    99             b             b
113 +Israel                97    96            95    95            76    91            66    84            29    35            98    97            97    98            ..            ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
114  Australia            110   107           112   108            72    86            70    83            25    42            97   100            94    99             b             b
115  United Kingdom       103   113           103   112            85    94            82    91            19    37            ..    ..            ..    ..             b             b
116  Finland               96   100            97   100           105   130            94   110            32    63            99    98            99    98             b             b
117  Italy                100    99           100    98            70    82            73    81            27    37            ..    ..            ..    ..             b             b
118 +Kuwait               100    65           105    65            76    60            84    60            11    16            81    ..            85    ..            25            18
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
119  Canada                99   104            99   106            89   103            87   104            52   103            97    98            94    95             b             b
120 +Hong Kong            106    ..           107    ..            65    ..            63    ..            10    21            99    ..           100    ..            12             4
121  Netherlands          101    99            99    96            90   120            95   126            29    45           100    ..            97    ..             b             b
122 +Singapore            106    ..           109    ..            59    ..            56    ..             8    ..           100    ..            99    ..            14             4
123  Belgium              103   100           104    99            92   104            90   103            26    ..            81    ..            78    ..             b             b
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
124  France               110   105           112   107            92   107            77   104            25    50            95    95            93   100             b             b
125  Sweden                97   100            96   100            93   100            83    99            31    38           100    ..            99    ..             b             b
126  Austria               98   103            99   103            87   104            98   109            22    43            97   100            92    98             b             b
127  Germany  /c           99    98            99    97            92   100            96   101            26    36            98    99            96    97             b             b
128  United States        100   106           101   107            ..    97            ..    98            56    81            ..    ..            ..    ..             b             b
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
129  Norway               100    99           100    99            96   114            92   118            26    54           100    ..            99    ..             b             b
130  Denmark               95    98            96    97           104   115           105   112            28    41            ..    98            ..    98             b             b
131  Japan                101   102           101   102            94    97            92    95            31    30           100   100           100   100             b             b
132  Switzerland           ..   102            ..   100            ..    89            ..    93            18    31            94    ..            92    ..             b             b
133 +United Arab Emirates  88   108            90   112            49    94            55    84             3    11            ..    93            ..    94            20            21
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
World                      89 w 100 w         104 w 109 w          38 w  57 w          49 w  65 w          13 w  18 w                                                  ..            ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a.  Data for 1980 include Eritrea.  b.  According to UNESCO, illiteracy is less than 5 percent.  c.  Data before 1990 refer to the Federal Republic of Germany before unification.

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