World Development Report 1996. Statistical Annex
Table 5. Distribution of income or consumption
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Percentage share of income or consumption
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Survey Gini Lowest Lowest Second Third Fourth Highest Highest
year index 10% 20% quintile quintile quintile 20% 10%
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Low-income economies
Excluding China & India
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1 Rwanda 1983/85 28.9 4.2 9.7 13.2 16.5 21.6 39.1 24.2
2 Mozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
3 Ethiopia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
4 Tanzania 1993a,b 38.1 2.9 6.9 10.9 15.3 21.5 45.4 30.2
5 Burundi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
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6 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
7 Malawi .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
8 Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
9 Uganda 1992 a,b 40.8 3.0 6.8 10.3 14.4 20.4 48.1 33.4
10 Madagascar 1993 a,b 43.4 2.3 5.8 9.9 14.0 20.3 50.0 34.9
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11 Nepal 1984/85 30.1 4.0 9.1 12.9 16.7 21.8 39.5 25.0
12 Vietnam 1993a,b 35.7 3.5 7.8 11.4 15.4 21.4 44.0 29.0
13 Bangladesh 1992 a,b 28.3 4.1 9.4 13.5 17.2 22.0 37.9 23.7
14 Haiti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
15 Niger 1992 a,b 36.1 3.0 7.5 11.8 15.5 21.1 44.1 29.3
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16 Guinea-Bissau 1991 a,b 56.2 0.5 2.1 6.5 12.0 20.6 58.9 42.4
17 Kenya 1992 a,b 57.5 1.2 3.4 6.7 10.7 17.0 62.1 47.7
18 Mali .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
19 Nigeria 1992/93 37.5 1.3 4.0 8.9 14.4 23.4 49.3 31.3
20 Yemen, Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
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21 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
22 Mongolia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
23 India 1992 a,b 33.8 3.7 8.5 12.1 15.8 21.1 42.6 28.4
24 Lao PDR 1992 a,b 30.4 4.2 9.6 12.9 16.3 21.0 40.2 26.4
25 Togo
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26 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
27 Nicaragua 1993 a,b 50.3 1.6 4.2 8.0 12.6 20.0 55.2 39.8
28 Zambia 1993 a,b 46.2 1.5 3.9 8.0 13.8 23.8 50.4 31.3
29 Tajikistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
30 Benin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
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31 Central African Repub .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
32 Albania .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
33 Ghana 1992 a,b 33.9 3.4 7.9 12.0 16.1 21.8 42.2 27.3
34 Pakistan 1991 a,b 31.2 3.4 8.4 12.9 16.9 22.2 39.7 25.2
35 Mauritania 1988 a,b 42.4 0.7 3.6 10.6 16.2 23.0 46.5 30.4
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36 Azerbaijan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
37 Zimbabwe 1990 a,b 56.8 1.8 4.0 6.3 10.0 17.4 62.3 46.9
38 Guinea 1991 a,b 46.8 0.9 3.0 8.3 14.6 23.9 50.2 31.7
39 China 1992 c,d 37.6 2.6 6.2 10.5 15.8 23.6 43.9 26.8
40 Honduras 1992 c,d 52.7 1.5 3.8 7.4 12.0 19.4 57.4 41.9
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41 Senegal 1991 a,b 54.1 1.4 3.5 7.0 11.6 19.3 58.6 42.8
42 C“te d'Ivoire 1988 a,b 36.9 2.8 6.8 11.2 15.8 22.2 44.1 28.5
43 Congo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
44 Kyrgyz Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
45 Sri Lanka 1990 a,b 30.1 3.8 8.9 13.1 16.9 21.7 39.3 25.2
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46 Armenia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
47 Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
48 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1991 a,b 32.0 3.9 8.7 12.5 16.3 21.4 41.1 26.7
49 Lesotho 1986/87 56.0 0.9 2.8 6.5 11.2 19.4 60.1 43.4
50 Georgia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
51 Myanmar .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
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Middle-income economies
Lower-middle-income
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52 Bolivia 1990 c,d 42.0 2.3 5.6 9.7 14.5 22.0 48.2 31.7
53 Macedonia, FYR .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
54 Moldova 1992 c,d 34.4 2.7 6.9 11.9 16.7 23.1 41.5 25.8
55 Indonesia 1993 a,b 31.7 3.9 8.7 12.3 16.3 22.1 40.7 25.6
56 Philippines 1988 a,b 40.7 2.8 6.5 10.1 14.4 21.2 47.8 32.1
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57 Uzbekistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
58 Morocco 1990/91 39.2 2.8 6.6 10.5 15.0 21.7 46.3 30.5
59 Kazakstan 1993 c,d 32.7 3.1 7.5 12.3 16.9 22.9 40.4 24.9
60 Guatemala 1989 c,d 59.6 0.6 2.1 5.8 10.5 18.6 63.0 46.6
61 Papua New Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
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62 Bulgaria 1992 c,d 30.8 3.3 8.3 13.0 17.0 22.3 39.3 24.7
63 Romania 1992 c,d 25.5 3.8 9.2 14.4 18.4 23.2 34.8 20.2
64 Ecuador 1994 a,b 46.6 2.3 5.4 8.9 13.2 19.9 52.6 37.6
65 Dominican Republic 1989 c,d 50.5 1.6 4.2 7.9 12.5 19.7 55.7 39.6
66 Lithuania 1993 c,d 33.6 3.4 8.1 12.3 16.2 21.3 42.1 28.0
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67 El Salvador .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
68 Jordan 1991 a,b 43.4 2.4 5.9 9.8 13.9 20.3 50.1 34.7
69 Jamaica 1991 a,b 41.1 2.4 5.8 10.2 14.9 21.6 47.5 31.9
70 Paraguay .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
71 Algeria 1988 a,b 38.7 2.8 6.9 11.0 15.1 20.9 46.1 31.5
72 Colombia 1991 c,d 51.3 1.3 3.6 7.6 12.6 20.4 55.8 39.5
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Note: For data comparability and coverage, see the technical notes.
Figures in italics are for years other than those specified.
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73 Tunisia 1990 a,b 40.2 2.3 5.9 10.4 15.3 22.1 46.3 30.7
74 Ukraine 1992 c,d 25.7 4.1 9.5 14.1 18.1 22.9 35.4 20.8
75 Namibia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
76 Peru 1994 a,b 44.9 1.9 4.9 9.2 14.1 21.4 50.4 34.3
77 Belarus 1993 c,d 21.6 4.9 11.1 15.3 18.5 22.2 32.9 19.4
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78 Slovak Republic 1992 c,d 19.5 5.1 11.9 15.8 18.8 22.2 31.4 18.2
79 Latvia 1993 c,d 27.0 4.3 9.6 13.6 17.5 22.6 36.7 22.1
80 Costa Rica 1989 c,d 46.1 1.2 4.0 9.1 14.3 21.9 50.7 34.1
81 Poland 1992 a,b 27.2 4.0 9.3 13.8 17.7 22.6 36.6 22.1
82 Thailand 1992 a,b 46.2 2.5 5.6 8.7 13.0 20.0 52.7 37.1
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83 Turkey .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
84 Croatia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
85 Panama 1989 c,d 56.6 0.5 2.0 6.3 11.6 20.3 59.8 42.2
86 Russian Federation 1993 a,b 49.6 1.2 3.7 8.5 13.5 20.4 53.8 38.7
87 Venezuela 1990 c,d 53.8 1.4 3.6 7.1 11.7 19.3 58.4 42.7
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88 Botswana .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
89 Estonia 1993 c,d 39.5 2.4 6.6 10.7 15.1 21.4 46.3 31.3
90 Iran, Islamic Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
91 Turkmenistan 1993 c,d 35.8 2.7 6.7 11.4 16.3 22.8 42.8 26.9
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Upper-middle-income
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92 Brazil 1989 c,d 63.4 0.7 2.1 4.9 8.9 16.8 67.5 51.3
93 South Africa 1993 a,b 58.4 1.4 3.3 5.8 9.8 17.7 63.3 47.3
94 Mauritius .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
95 Czech Republic 1993 c,d 26.6 4.6 10.5 13.9 16.9 21.3 37.4 23.5
96 Malaysia 1989 c,d 48.4 1.9 4.6 8.3 13.0 20.4 53.7 37.9
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97 Chile 1994 c,d 56.5 1.4 3.5 6.6 10.9 18.1 61.0 46.1
98 Trinidad and Tobago .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
99 Hungary 1993 a,b 27.0 4.0 9.5 14.0 17.6 22.3 36.6 22.6
100 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
101 Mexico 1992 a,b 50.3 1.6 4.1 7.8 12.5 20.2 55.3 39.2
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102 Uruguay .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
103 Oman .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
104 Slovenia 1993 c,d 28.2 4.1 9.5 13.5 17.1 21.9 37.9 23.8
105 Saudi Arabia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
106 Greece .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
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107 Argentina .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
108 Korea, Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
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Low- and middle-income
Sub-Saharan Africa
East Asia & Pacific
South Asia
Europe and Central Asia
Middle East & N. Africa
Latin America & Caribbean
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High-income economies
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109 Portugal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
110 New Zealand 1981/82 .. .. 5.1 10.8 16.2 23.2 44.7 28.7
111 Spain 1988 e,f 8.3 13.7 18.1 23.4 36.6 21.8
112 Ireland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
113 +Israel 1979 e,f .. .. 6.0 12.1 17.8 24.5 39.6 23.5
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114 Australia 1985 e,f .. .. 4.4 11.1 17.5 24.8 42.2 25.8
115 United Kingdom 1988 e,f .. .. 4.6 10.0 16.8 24.3 44.3 27.8
116 Finland 1981 e,f .. .. 6.3 12.1 18.4 25.5 37.6 21.7
117 Italy 1986 e,f .. .. 6.8 12.0 16.7 23.5 41.0 25.3
118 +Kuwait .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
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119 Canada 1987 e,f .. .. 5.7 11.8 17.7 24.6 40.2 24.1
120 +Hong Kong 1980 e,f .. .. 5.4 10.8 15.2 21.6 47.0 31.3
121 Netherlands 1988 e,f .. .. 8.2 13.1 18.1 23.7 36.9 21.9
122 +Singapore 1982/83 .. .. 5.1 9.9 14.6 21.4 48.9 33.5
123 Belgium 1978/79 .. .. 7.9 13.7 18.6 23.8 36.0 21.5
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124 France 1989 e,f .. .. 5.6 11.8 17.2 23.5 41.9 26.1
125 Sweden 1981 e,f .. .. 8.0 13.2 17.4 24.5 36.9 20.8
126 Austria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
127 Germany 1988 e,f .. .. 7.0 11.8 17.1 23.9 40.3 24.4
128 United States 1985 e,f .. .. 4.7 11.0 17.4 25.0 41.9 25.0
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129 Norway 1979 e,f .. .. 6.2 12.8 18.9 25.3 36.7 21.2
130 Denmark 1981 e,f .. .. 5.4 12.0 18.4 25.6 38.6 22.3
131 Japan 1979 e,f .. .. 8.7 13.2 17.5 23.1 37.5 22.4
132 Switzerland 1982 e,f .. .. 5.2 11.7 16.4 22.1 44.6 29.8
133 +United Arab Emirates .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
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World
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a. Refers to expenditure shares by fractiles of persons. b. Ranked by per capita expenditure.
c. Refers to income shares by fractiles of persons. d. Ranked by per capita income.
e. Refers to income shares by fractiles of households. f. Ranked by household income.
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