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| U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics IMPORTANT NOTE The following report contains unpublished comparative levels of real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and per employed person to 1996. The report describes the series and contains data for the period 1960 to 1996. BLS does not publish these comparative series. A number of technical difficulties are encountered in comparing output levels among countries and in estimating the associated historical time series. Because some of these difficulties cannot be resolved, the results are of limited validity when judged by rigorous statistical standards. Nonetheless, you may find these results useful. Please see the text and notes in the report for a further discussion of the limitations of the data. The level comparisons are based on GDP converted into U.S. dollars using purchasing power parities (PPPs). The PPPs for all the countries covered in this comparative data set (except Korea) are obtained from periodic benchmark studies prepared by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and EUROSTAT, the Statistical Office of the European Union. The following report presents results based on the EUROSTAT-OECD 1993 PPP benchmark, as well as the EUROSTAT 1994 and 1995 updated benchmarks for the European countries only. These benchmark PPPs are aggregated according to the Elteto-Köves-Szulc (EKS) method. ----------------------------------------REPORT-------------------------------------- ------------------------------ UNPUBLISHED DATA ------------------------------ Comparative Real Gross Domestic Product Per Capita and Per Employed Person FOURTEEN COUNTRIES 1960-1996 The attached tabulations are unpublished because of data limitations which are explained in the introductory material. Data in the attached tables for years prior to 1980 should be considered less accurate than data for 1980-96 for reasons explained in the introductory material.
Prepared by:
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Office of Productivity and Technology
February 1998
PAGE 2
CONTENTS
I. Description Page
Introduction 3
General notes 8
GDP per capita and per employed person, Germany -- 1991-96 10
GDP per employed person hour - 1996 11
II. Tables
Table 1. Real GDP Per Capita (1996 U.S. Dollars)
Table 2. Real GDP Per Capita (United States = 100)
Table 3. Real GDP Per Employed Person (1996 U.S. Dollars)
Table 4. Real GDP Per Employed Person (United States = 100)
Table 5. Real GDP per Capita and per Employed Person, Average
Annual Percent Changes
Table 6. Purchasing Power Parities and Relative Prices
PAGE 3
INTRODUCTION The accompanying tables present comparative levels and trends in real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and per employed person for fourteen countries. The level comparisons are based on purchasing power parities (PPPs). The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has been preparing these comparative tables for many years. In previous releases of this data set, level comparisons were presented based on two alternative sets of benchmark PPPs -- Elteto-Köves-Szulc (EKS) and Geary-Khamis (GK) -- for a group of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries. These two benchmarks are based on different aggregation methods, and can result in substantial differences in the estimated comparative levels of GDP per capita and per employed person. The results are also sensitive to the year of the benchmark. Beginning with the present release, only the EKS benchmark PPPs are used. The EKS aggregation method has been adopted as official by the Statistical Office of the European Union (EUROSTAT) and by the OECD. The "EUROSTAT-OECD" Purchasing Power Parity Program produces benchmark PPP estimates for most OECD countries every three to five years. The last available PPP benchmark from this source is for 1993. In addition to this, for the European countries only, EUROSTAT has begun estimating updated PPPs on an annual basis, using a "rolling benchmark" approach. Every year, approximately one third of the computed PPPs are replaced by new estimates, based on prices of goods and services collected during the year. The remaining PPPs are extrapolated, using a specific price index for each product group. (Footnote 1) These annual EUROSTAT benchmarks for the European countries are now available for 1994 and 1995. This report uses the EUROSTAT-OECD 1993 PPP benchmark for all countries, as well as the EUROSTAT 1994 and 1995 PPP benchmarks for the European countries. For all non-benchmark years, the PPPs are BLS estimates, made by extrapolating the 1993 benchmark backward (for all countries) and forward (for four non-European countries included in the following tables), and by extrapolating the 1996 PPPs from the 1995 benchmark for the European countries. These extrapolations are based on the relative movements of GDP implicit price deflators. Comparative results for 1996, using PPPs based on the two alternative aggregation schemes (EKS and GK) are shown in the following table. The GK PPP benchmarks are available only for years of the "EUROSTAT-OECD" PPP Program estimates. The GK PPPs were also extrapolated forward by BLS using the relative movements of GDP implicit price deflators. PAGE 4 1996 Relative Levels of Real Gross Domestic Productper Employed Person (U.S. = 100) Based on Alternative PPP Aggregation Methods EKS/a GK/b United States 100.0 100.0 Canada 80.2 82.4 Japan 76.4 82.5 Austria 86.7 88.3 Belgium 99.6 104.5 Denmark 77.7 81.7 France 90.6 96.6 Germany 91.4 92.6 Italy 94.4 96.5 Netherlands 78.8 81.8 Norway 83.0 96.7 Sweden 70.6 72.3 United Kingdom 69.7 74.3 a/ EKS 1996 PPPs extrapolated by BLS from 1993 or 1995 benchmarks, depending upon country b/ GK 1996 PPPs extrapolated by BLS from 1993 benchmark The same data for employed persons and GDP in national currency units are used for both sets of figures. The comparative level figures differ only because of the different set of PPPs used to convert each country's GDP in national currency units into GDP in U.S. dollars. Level comparisons of GDP The level comparisons of GDP per capita and per employed person in this report are labeled "real" because they are based on purchasing power parities (PPPs). A PPP for a given country is the number of national currency units required to buy goods and services in that country equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of a base country's currency in the base country (in this report, the base country is the United States). Thus, PPPs are currency conversion rates that allow output in different currency units to be compared among countries. PPPs are interspatial indexes constructed for the purpose of comparing currencies and volumes across countries. They are somewhat analogous to intertemporal price indexes used within a country to compare changes in prices over time, such as a consumer price index. Just as a consumer price index measures the cost of a basket of goods and PAGE 5 services over time, PPPs can be used to measure the cost of a particular basket of goods and services across countries. The procedures are similar: calculate the ratio of prices (or amounts of each country's currency) for each of a detailed set of goods and services, and then construct a weighted average of the price (or units of currency) ratios to arrive at an overall index. While the comparison of prices in different currencies across countries (i.e., the development of PPPs) is comparable in concept and methodology to the comparison of prices within a country over time, some aspects of cross-country comparisons are more complicated. For example, it is more difficult to find goods and services for pricing that are representative of many different countries than it is to find representative goods and services within a country for pricing over time. Also, the process of choosing a proper set of weights, for aggregating the PPPs of the different commodity groups into a single PPP for total GDP, is more complex. Inter-country comparisons of output levels are sometimes based on market exchange rates rather than PPPs. However, market exchange rates seldom reflect the relative purchasing powers of different currencies. At best, market exchange rates represent only the relative prices of goods and services that are traded internationally, not the relative value of total domestic output, which also consists of goods, and particularly services, that are not traded internationally, or which are isolated from the effects of foreign trade. Market exchange rates are also affected by influences entirely unrelated to the relative values of any goods or services. These influences include currency traders' views of the stability of governments in various countries, relative interest rates among countries, and other incentives for holding financial assets in one currency rather than another. Purchasing Power Parities Beginning in the early 1970s, periodic studies have been undertaken by the United Nations International Comparison Project (UNICP) to develop PPPs and comparative output levels across countries. These studies have been conducted jointly since 1980 by the OECD and EUROSTAT for their member countries as part of the UNICP. There have been OECD-wide benchmark studies for the years 1980, 1985, 1990, 1993, and 1996. Results for the 1980 and 1985 benchmarks were aggregated using the GK method. Beginning with the 1990 benchmark study, the OECD and EUROSTAT have published PPPs for each benchmark based on both the EKS and the GK aggregation methods. The 1996 results will be published by the OECD in 1998 (for the EKS method) and in 1999 (for the GK method). The EKS results are recognized as the official results for the OECD and EUROSTAT and are used for administrative purposes within the EU. For this reason, they are prepared and released first for each benchmark study. Because Korea did not become a member of the OECD until December 1996, it was not included in the OECD/EUROSTAT benchmark studies. The PPPs for Korea are therefore not available from the same sources as are the PPPs for the other countries in this comparative data set. To derive the figures for Korea in the attached tables, BLS used a preliminary. PAGE 6 1985 GK-aggregated PPP from Phase V of the UNICP. The 1985 PPP was then extrapolated using the trend in Korea's implicit price deflator for GDP relative to the trend in the corresponding U.S. deflator. BLS method of updating the comparisons from benchmarks For 1993 and subsequent years, this report uses the EKS benchmark PPPs that are published by the OECD and by EUROSTAT. For years and countries where no benchmarks are available, the latest benchmarks are extrapolated based on relative trends in each country's GDP deflator compared to the U.S. GDP deflator. For years prior to 1993, BLS extrapolates the 1993 PPPs in the same manner. This extrapolation procedure is subject to certain limitations, since the results depend on the way different countries measure their nominal and real GDP. Extrapolation is based on a binary comparison, or on the relative change in the implicit GDP deflators between two countries: the country being compared and the U.S. The results reflect the relative price changes and relative shifts in GDP expenditure patterns within the two countries over the extrapolation period. Methods of measuring GDP and the price changes used to deflate current- value GDP differ among the countries covered by this data set. GDP levels valued at local market prices, as reported by the national statistical agencies, are affected by the way each country collects and aggregates its data. Countries also differ in their adherence to the System of National Accounts (SNA) guidelines recommended by the UN and the OECD. For the U.S., current dollar GDP reported by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) is used for the present comparisons. This results in a somewhat higher U.S. GDP level than would be obtained using the SNA basis. The real GDP series for the United States is the chain-type annual- weighted measure of real GDP published with the U.S. national accounts after the comprehensive revision of the national accounts in May 1997. Most of the foreign countries covered by this data set develop real GDP series using fixed-price-weight schemes in which the base year is updated periodically, for example every 5 or 10 years. An exception to this is Japan, where real GDP measures for the entire 1970-96 period are based on the price weights of a single base year. For many countries it has been necessary to link several time series, each of which has its own set of base-year price weights, to construct one real GDP series for use over a longer time period. In the attached tables, the comparative levels for years preceding 1993 are based on PPPs that are extrapolated from the 1993 benchmark. The accuracy of the data for all non-benchmark years is undermined by the fact that the data are based on extrapolations utilizing trends from each country's own national accounts measures, and, as noted above, country differences in methods affect the measurement of output and of output deflators. Extrapolation results are also sensitive to the benchmark year that is used as a base. PAGE 7 For a given benchmark year, purchasing power parities reflect the mutual price relationships among the entire group of countries being compared. The group of goods and services being priced in any benchmark year must be a representative sample of the GDP within a country, and also contain enough items in common with other countries for comparative pricing. The weights used for aggregating the different price ratios are derived from the expenditure structures of all of the countries in the benchmark year. For different benchmark years, a different list of items may be priced, and a different weighing structure may be used. Finally, methods for collecting and comparing prices may differ among benchmarks. In order to illustrate the impact of some of these issues, the following table compares benchmark and extrapolated PPPs for 1993. EKS PPPs(U.S. = 1.00) 1993 Extrapolated 1993 from 1990 Benchmark Benchmark United States 1.00 1.00 Canada 1.26 1.25 Japan 184 187 Austria 13.9 14.3 Belgium 37.3 40.1 Denmark 8.79 9.08 France 6.57 6.52 Germany 2.10 2.13 Italy 1534 1525 Netherlands 2.13 2.12 Norway 8.93 9.24 Sweden 9.83 9.50 United Kingdom 0.637 0.631 PAGE 8 General Notes Purchasing Power Parities. The accompanying tables contain the PPPs for selected years. The 1993 PPPs for all countries, except Korea, are triennial EKS benchmark estimates by the OECD and EUROSTAT. The Korean PPP values are extrapolated by the BLS from a 1985 Korean PPP benchmark calculated by UNICP. The extrapolation is based on the trend in Korea's implicit price deflator for GDP relative to the trend in the corresponding U.S. deflator. For 1994 and 1995, the PPPs for the European countries are the annual benchmarks calculated by EUROSTAT. For the non-European countries, the PPPs are BLS estimates, based on the relative trends in GDP deflators between these countries and the U.S. since 1993. For 1996, the PPPs for all countries are BLS estimates, extrapolated from 1995 PPPs. For the years preceding 1993, the PPPs for all countries are BLS estimates extrapolated from 1993 PPPs. Relative Prices. The tables also contain comparative price-level indexes for total GDP, with the U.S. equal to 100. These comparative price-level indexes indicate whether average prices for total GDP are high or low relative to the United States. They are derived by dividing the PPPs by the market exchange rates. An index number less than 100 indicates that one hundred U.S. dollars (exchanged at the market exchange rate) can purchase more goods and services of equivalent value in the foreign country than can be purchased in the U.S.; an index number greater than 100 indicates that one hundred U.S. dollars can purchase fewer goods and services of equivalent value. Employment. The primary data sources for employment levels are household or labor force surveys. The employment figures for the United States, Canada, Japan, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom are consistent with the BLS data set Comparative Civilian Labor Force Statistics, Ten countries. These series have been adjusted by BLS for greater comparability with U.S. concepts. In addition, the series used in the attached tables have been adjusted to include the armed forces. The employment series for the remaining countries are those published by the countries' national statistical offices or by international statistical organizations. The employment figures for France and Germany have been adjusted by their statistical offices to include non- resident workers from border countries and to exclude residents working in border countries. Comparisons with OECD/EUROSTAT published data. The OECD publishes comparative levels of GDP per capita. These differ from the level comparisons in the attached tables for several reasons. First, the per capita GDP figures presented in the OECD reports may have been modified by BLS, where applicable, to include subsequent country revisions of national accounts data. PAGE 9 In addition, for years prior to 1993, the OECD comparative levels of GDP per capita use the 1990 EKS-aggregated benchmark PPPs, and the annual EUROSTAT benchmark PPPs for the European countries. The comparative levels for non-benchmark years are based on PPPs extrapolated to other years from the nearest benchmark year using relative trends in implicit price deflators for GDP as measured by the individual countries. The BLS approach is different in that it does not make use of pre-1993 benchmarks, and in the attached tables the comparative levels for years preceding 1993 are based on extrapolated 1993 benchmark PPPs. Finally, the OECD/EUROSTAT comparative levels of GDP per capita for all years are generally published in U.S. dollars of the specific listed year. In contrast, the levels of GDP per capita for all years in the attached tables are in 1996 U.S. dollars. PAGE 10 GDP PER CAPITA AND PER EMPLOYED PERSON, GERMANY, 1991-96 The data contained in the tables included in this report relate only to the former West Germany. However, since 1991, the German Federal Statistical Office has published data for Germany as a whole. The table below shows GDP per capita and per employed person for the former West Germany and unified Germany for 1991 to 1996, indexed to the corresponding U.S. levels. The figures for both West Germany and unified Germany are based on the EKS PPPs estimated for West Germany. GDP per Capita and per Employed Person, 1991-1996Based on EKS PPPs/1 (U.S. = 100) GDP GDP per per Capita Employed Person West Unified West Unified Germany Germany Germany Germany 1991 85.8 74.0 89.3 76.9 1992 84.8 74.7 88.1 79.2 1993 81.3 73.1 86.8 79.6 1994 81.5 74.1 89.7 82.5 1995 81.0 74.1 90.5 83.5 1996 80.2 73.7 91.4 84.6 1/ 1993, 1994, and 1995 benchmark EKS PPPs. PAGE 11 GDP PER EMPLOYED PERSON HOUR - 1996 In OECD countries, average hours have been falling over time for full- time workers, while part-time work has increased. In addition, there are significant differences in average hours worked among OECD countries. Output per hour is generally considered a better productivity measure than output per employed person. Because of these changes over time and differences in levels of hours worked across countries, cross-country comparisons of GDP per employed person can be expected to differ substantially from GDP per person hour. Accurate hours data for the total economy are not available for many countries and are difficult to measure accurately for some workers, such as the self-employed, and in some sectors, such as those with large numbers of small establishments. In addition, it may be difficult to account for hours worked in secondary jobs or to account for all temporary absences from work. Nonetheless, for some countries, hours data appear to be relatively reliable and comparable. However, comparative figures on GDP per hour should be viewed with a greater degree of caution than the figures on GDP per employed person. The following tabulation shows real GDP per hour worked in 1996 for five countries relative to the corresponding U.S. levels:
GDP per hour worked in 1996
Based on EKS PPPs/1
(U.S. = 100)
Annual
GDP per Hours per
Hour Person
U.S. 100.0 1824
Japan 70.9 1965
France 100.4 1645
Germany 106.8 1561
Norway 107.6 1407
Sweden 82.9 1554
1/ Extrapolated by BLS from 1993 benchmark EKS PPP for Japan,
and from 1995 benchmark PPPs for the European countries.
The average annual hours figures for the United States and Japan were calculated by BLS. The figures for Japan may be understated somewhat because no account was taken of hours worked in secondary jobs by private non-agricultural employees. The average annual hours figures for the other countries are obtained from published sources. They are prepared by the national statistical offices of France, Norway, and Sweden in conjunction with their national accounts, and by the German Institute for Labor Market and Occupational Research (IAB) for use with PAGE 12 the national accounts prepared by the German Federal Statistical Office. (The data for Germany relate to the former West Germany). Footnote 1. OECD, Statistics Directorate, Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures, 1993; Volume I, EKS Results, 1996 Edition, Paris 1995. Table 1. Real GDP per CAPITA1993 Benchmark EKS PPPs /1 (1996 U.S. Dollars) Year United Canada Japan Korea Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Nether- Norway Sweden United States lands Kingdom 1960 13,797 9,738 4,508 1,458 7,890 8,568 9,690 8,380 9,928 7,128 8,839 8,356 9,508 9,791 1961 13,882 9,845 5,119 1,498 8,263 8,964 10,190 8,749 10,251 7,684 8,975 8,794 9,995 9,960 1962 14,500 10,348 5,429 1,487 8,410 9,393 10,671 9,167 10,604 8,094 9,231 8,958 10,363 10,000 1963 14,901 10,684 5,942 1,579 8,697 9,729 10,636 9,485 10,797 8,484 9,405 9,228 10,854 10,331 1964 15,553 11,183 6,658 1,687 9,160 10,309 11,498 10,000 11,401 8,634 10,078 9,617 11,508 10,819 1965 16,339 11,707 6,924 1,739 9,361 10,579 11,956 10,389 11,879 8,846 10,468 10,047 11,836 11,020 1966 17,206 12,271 7,588 1,902 9,820 10,840 12,136 10,841 12,101 9,305 10,621 10,342 11,969 11,168 1967 17,452 12,406 8,316 1,968 10,040 11,198 12,442 11,261 12,036 9,888 11,058 10,896 12,277 11,358 1968 18,084 12,870 9,271 2,141 10,435 11,622 12,862 11,654 12,646 10,459 11,679 11,046 12,650 11,766 1969 18,449 13,366 10,281 2,382 11,052 12,359 13,602 12,369 13,461 11,026 12,331 11,447 13,191 11,956 1970 18,258 13,523 11,137 2,535 11,798 13,139 13,777 12,961 14,003 11,524 12,880 11,596 13,917 12,191 1971 18,626 13,846 11,512 2,697 12,346 13,590 14,047 13,454 14,283 11,665 13,289 12,048 13,952 12,367 1972 19,438 14,470 12,312 2,774 13,036 14,254 14,702 13,928 14,796 11,922 13,561 12,574 14,229 12,762 1973 20,366 15,395 12,998 3,074 13,598 15,050 15,145 14,568 15,425 12,611 14,131 12,999 14,768 13,670 1974 20,050 15,852 12,664 3,266 14,110 15,619 14,936 14,923 15,436 13,080 14,590 13,590 15,195 13,435 1975 19,768 16,030 12,896 3,425 14,096 15,344 14,793 14,814 15,298 12,711 14,487 14,078 15,522 13,340 1976 20,634 16,794 13,260 3,767 14,767 16,173 15,710 15,382 16,190 13,462 15,053 14,967 15,630 13,713 1977 21,381 17,197 13,707 4,091 15,432 16,232 15,918 15,806 16,687 13,802 15,312 15,437 15,326 14,044 1978 22,292 17,804 14,299 4,408 15,454 16,662 16,102 16,265 17,207 14,270 15,579 16,077 15,549 14,532 1979 22,672 18,310 14,959 4,651 16,214 17,006 16,631 16,720 17,925 15,037 15,818 16,715 16,111 14,922 1980 22,335 18,343 15,259 4,456 16,687 17,721 16,538 16,905 18,040 15,553 15,880 17,487 16,347 14,576 1981 22,620 18,782 15,629 4,660 16,597 17,487 16,394 17,009 18,024 15,594 15,690 17,594 16,325 14,383 1982 21,928 17,961 15,998 4,936 16,758 17,731 16,899 17,342 17,867 15,603 15,437 17,560 16,479 14,640 1983 22,593 18,344 16,258 5,423 17,112 17,734 17,341 17,374 18,245 15,728 15,640 18,122 16,760 15,163 1984 23,964 19,314 16,788 5,822 17,337 18,174 18,110 17,521 18,834 16,099 16,092 19,132 17,423 15,479 1985 24,600 20,048 17,422 6,142 17,746 18,348 18,879 17,767 19,264 16,506 16,513 20,070 17,730 16,010 1986 25,129 20,506 17,817 6,784 17,933 18,613 19,540 18,128 19,702 16,951 16,876 20,715 18,094 16,647 1987 25,640 21,082 18,467 7,491 18,205 19,039 19,575 18,444 19,990 17,449 17,002 21,037 18,601 17,400 1988 26,378 21,847 19,527 8,255 18,901 19,833 19,791 19,173 20,609 18,093 17,333 20,900 18,933 18,223 1989 27,007 21,986 20,386 8,695 19,514 20,512 19,892 19,880 21,144 18,590 18,039 21,006 19,254 18,556 1990 27,057 21,609 21,350 9,428 20,157 21,073 20,144 20,267 21,930 18,959 18,653 21,346 19,366 18,564 1991 26,517 20,974 22,092 10,188 20,508 21,326 20,361 20,310 22,741 19,115 18,924 21,907 19,020 18,122 1992 26,943 20,823 22,249 10,594 20,659 21,559 20,340 20,433 22,860 19,199 19,162 22,493 18,640 17,964 1993 27,278 20,987 22,253 11,089 20,533 21,153 20,585 20,063 22,164 19,239 19,172 22,971 18,120 18,280 1994 27,947 21,611 22,345 11,920 21,264 21,575 21,410 20,220 22,788 19,815 19,757 23,006 18,472 18,601 1995 28,233 21,844 22,542 12,856 21,206 21,558 21,945 20,362 22,865 20,125 20,304 23,262 19,118 18,341 1996 28,752 21,905 23,289 13,635 21,375 21,829 22,401 20,583 23,059 20,227 20,881 24,364 19,293 18,715 1/ For the European countries, this table uses the 1993, 1994 and 1995 OECD and EUROSTAT benchmarks. Important information about all tables follows Table 6. Table 2. Real GDP per CAPITA1993 Benchmark EKS PPPs/1 (United States = 100) Year United Canada Japan Korea Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Nether- Norway Sweden United States lands Kingdom 1960 100.0 70.6 32.7 10.6 57.2 62.1 70.2 60.7 72.0 51.7 64.1 60.6 68.9 71.0 1961 100.0 70.9 36.9 10.8 59.5 64.6 73.4 63.0 73.8 55.4 64.7 63.3 72.0 71.7 1962 100.0 71.4 37.4 10.3 58.0 64.8 73.6 63.2 73.1 55.8 63.7 61.8 71.5 69.0 1963 100.0 71.7 39.9 10.6 58.4 65.3 71.4 63.7 72.5 56.9 63.1 61.9 72.8 69.3 1964 100.0 71.9 42.8 10.8 58.9 66.3 73.9 64.3 73.3 55.5 64.8 61.8 74.0 69.6 1965 100.0 71.7 42.4 10.6 57.3 64.7 73.2 63.6 72.7 54.1 64.1 61.5 72.4 67.4 1966 100.0 71.3 44.1 11.1 57.1 63.0 70.5 63.0 70.3 54.1 61.7 60.1 69.6 64.9 1967 100.0 71.1 47.7 11.3 57.5 64.2 71.3 64.5 69.0 56.7 63.4 62.4 70.3 65.1 1968 100.0 71.2 51.3 11.8 57.7 64.3 71.1 64.4 69.9 57.8 64.6 61.1 70.0 65.1 1969 100.0 72.5 55.7 12.9 59.9 67.0 73.7 67.0 73.0 59.8 66.8 62.0 71.5 64.8 1970 100.0 74.1 61.0 13.9 64.6 72.0 75.5 71.0 76.7 63.1 70.5 63.5 76.2 66.8 1971 100.0 74.3 61.8 14.5 66.3 73.0 75.4 72.2 76.7 62.6 71.3 64.7 74.9 66.4 1972 100.0 74.4 63.3 14.3 67.1 73.3 75.6 71.7 76.1 61.3 69.8 64.7 73.2 65.7 1973 100.0 75.6 63.8 15.1 66.8 73.9 74.4 71.5 75.7 61.9 69.4 63.8 72.5 67.1 1974 100.0 79.1 63.2 16.3 70.4 77.9 74.5 74.4 77.0 65.2 72.8 67.8 75.8 67.0 1975 100.0 81.1 65.2 17.3 71.3 77.6 74.8 74.9 77.4 64.3 73.3 71.2 78.5 67.5 1976 100.0 81.4 64.3 18.3 71.6 78.4 76.1 74.5 78.5 65.2 73.0 72.5 75.8 66.5 1977 100.0 80.4 64.1 19.1 72.2 75.9 74.4 73.9 78.0 64.6 71.6 72.2 71.7 65.7 1978 100.0 79.9 64.1 19.8 69.3 74.7 72.2 73.0 77.2 64.0 69.9 72.1 69.7 65.2 1979 100.0 80.8 66.0 20.5 71.5 75.0 73.4 73.7 79.1 66.3 69.8 73.7 71.1 65.8 1980 100.0 82.1 68.3 20.0 74.7 79.3 74.0 75.7 80.8 69.6 71.1 78.3 73.2 65.3 1981 100.0 83.0 69.1 20.6 73.4 77.3 72.5 75.2 79.7 68.9 69.4 77.8 72.2 63.6 1982 100.0 81.9 73.0 22.5 76.4 80.9 77.1 79.1 81.5 71.2 70.4 80.1 75.2 66.8 1983 100.0 81.2 72.0 24.0 75.7 78.5 76.8 76.9 80.8 69.6 69.2 80.2 74.2 67.1 1984 100.0 80.6 70.1 24.3 72.3 75.8 75.6 73.1 78.6 67.2 67.2 79.8 72.7 64.6 1985 100.0 81.5 70.8 25.0 72.1 74.6 76.7 72.2 78.3 67.1 67.1 81.6 72.1 65.1 1986 100.0 81.6 70.9 27.0 71.4 74.1 77.8 72.1 78.4 67.5 67.2 82.4 72.0 66.2 1987 100.0 82.2 72.0 29.2 71.0 74.3 76.3 71.9 78.0 68.1 66.3 82.0 72.5 67.9 1988 100.0 82.8 74.0 31.3 71.7 75.2 75.0 72.7 78.1 68.6 65.7 79.2 71.8 69.1 1989 100.0 81.4 75.5 32.2 72.3 76.0 73.7 73.6 78.3 68.8 66.8 77.8 71.3 68.7 1990 100.0 79.9 78.9 34.8 74.5 77.9 74.5 74.9 81.1 70.1 68.9 78.9 71.6 68.6 1991 100.0 79.1 83.3 38.4 77.3 80.4 76.8 76.6 85.8 72.1 71.4 82.6 71.7 68.3 1992 100.0 77.3 82.6 39.3 76.7 80.0 75.5 75.8 84.8 71.3 71.1 83.5 69.2 66.7 1993 100.0 76.9 81.6 40.7 75.3 77.5 75.5 73.5 81.3 70.5 70.3 84.2 66.4 67.0 1994 100.0 77.3 80.0 42.7 76.1 77.2 76.6 72.4 81.5 70.9 70.7 82.3 66.1 66.6 1995 100.0 77.4 79.8 45.5 75.1 76.4 77.7 72.1 81.0 71.3 71.9 82.4 67.7 65.0 1996 100.0 76.2 81.0 47.4 74.3 75.9 77.9 71.6 80.2 70.3 72.6 84.7 67.1 65.1 1/ For the European countries, this table uses the 1993, 1994 and 1995 OECD and EUROSTAT benchmarks. Important information about all tables follows Table 6. Table 3. Real GDP per EMPLOYED PERSON1993 Benchmark EKS PPPs/1 (1996 U.S. Dollars) Year United Canada Japan Korea Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Nether- Norway Sweden United States lands Kingdom 1960 36,520 NA 9,648 NA 17,405 22,600 21,870 19,397 21,117 NA 22,036 19,730 19,670 21,258 1961 37,335 NA 10,907 NA 18,184 23,548 22,823 20,467 21,791 NA 22,349 20,608 20,620 21,582 1962 38,912 NA 11,544 NA 18,771 24,399 23,717 21,837 22,728 NA 22,852 21,044 21,383 21,761 1963 40,012 NA 12,649 5,617 19,667 25,283 23,537 22,822 23,312 NA 23,288 21,744 22,410 22,567 1964 41,434 NA 14,110 6,052 20,885 26,661 25,124 24,045 24,843 NA 24,855 22,760 23,600 23,488 1965 43,021 NA 14,608 6,082 21,623 27,504 25,856 25,116 26,026 NA 25,951 23,766 24,333 23,843 1966 44,499 NA 15,815 6,647 23,071 28,273 26,021 26,230 26,834 NA 26,472 24,557 24,807 24,236 1967 44,574 NA 17,164 6,802 24,188 29,498 27,081 27,390 27,652 NA 27,961 25,914 25,919 25,080 1968 45,691 NA 18,995 7,210 25,602 30,771 27,845 28,641 29,136 NA 29,560 26,466 26,580 26,228 1969 45,944 NA 21,120 7,983 27,225 32,264 29,342 30,183 30,829 NA 31,054 27,418 27,396 26,769 1970 45,741 NA 22,929 8,387 29,052 34,289 29,725 31,486 31,977 NA 32,455 27,522 28,609 27,458 1971 47,072 NA 23,780 8,810 30,185 35,299 30,343 32,844 32,822 NA 33,698 28,522 28,936 28,417 1972 48,231 NA 25,725 8,803 31,833 37,243 31,288 34,097 34,082 NA 35,048 29,673 29,501 29,232 1973 49,391 NA 27,088 9,412 32,826 39,097 32,020 35,462 35,320 NA 36,802 30,691 30,557 30,780 1974 48,174 NA 26,854 9,780 33,834 40,097 31,827 36,249 35,824 NA 37,925 31,869 30,921 30,185 1975 48,503 NA 27,780 10,214 33,911 40,080 32,022 36,466 36,351 NA 38,277 32,567 31,097 30,124 1976 49,506 40,097 28,613 10,755 35,257 42,540 33,494 37,716 38,490 NA 39,869 33,663 31,318 31,211 1977 50,027 40,712 29,475 11,522 36,524 42,915 33,761 38,609 39,529 NA 39,954 33,997 30,756 31,909 1978 50,557 41,169 30,653 12,080 36,462 44,054 33,904 39,707 40,385 NA 40,515 34,916 31,178 32,748 1979 50,574 41,026 31,934 12,777 37,966 44,586 34,687 40,916 41,397 NA 40,659 35,914 31,911 33,237 1980 50,159 40,441 32,499 12,416 38,950 46,571 34,696 41,512 41,165 NA 39,906 36,779 32,087 32,857 1981 50,740 40,767 33,250 12,867 38,820 46,847 34,845 42,204 41,250 41,518 39,494 36,652 32,031 33,589 1982 50,068 40,742 33,923 13,501 39,741 48,142 35,737 43,160 41,355 41,847 39,242 36,712 32,414 34,527 1983 51,385 41,760 34,143 14,922 40,914 48,641 36,529 43,521 42,690 42,276 40,709 38,111 32,906 35,932 1984 52,834 43,253 35,281 16,303 41,489 49,945 37,484 44,484 43,821 43,192 41,521 40,055 33,955 36,054 1985 53,638 44,004 36,585 16,742 42,407 50,158 38,138 45,457 44,380 44,281 41,608 41,027 34,257 36,876 1986 54,078 44,144 37,333 18,032 42,727 50,568 38,517 46,418 44,800 45,317 42,095 41,156 34,828 38,177 1987 54,286 44,773 38,500 19,066 43,453 51,498 38,299 47,311 45,136 46,871 41,972 41,148 35,639 39,161 1988 55,159 45,559 40,206 20,567 44,951 53,152 38,977 49,002 46,454 48,565 43,142 41,281 35,948 39,801 1989 55,886 45,724 41,323 21,019 45,988 54,215 39,416 50,422 47,447 50,004 44,119 42,871 36,273 39,684 1990 55,911 45,348 42,575 22,349 47,031 55,054 40,383 51,155 48,707 50,492 44,116 44,076 36,431 39,517 1991 55,912 45,391 43,345 23,700 47,610 55,869 41,546 51,499 49,921 50,716 44,346 45,799 36,573 39,696 1992 57,133 46,007 43,313 24,442 48,363 56,961 41,906 52,479 50,339 51,445 43,813 47,431 37,731 40,358 1993 57,687 46,418 43,315 25,456 48,809 56,717 42,969 52,390 50,081 52,147 43,752 48,632 38,930 41,535 1994 58,391 47,306 43,560 26,826 50,718 58,617 44,933 53,063 52,372 54,715 45,154 48,372 40,380 42,102 1995 58,731 47,654 44,138 28,449 50,833 58,517 45,556 53,124 53,142 55,990 46,026 48,138 41,372 40,979 1996 59,534 47,771 45,488 29,908 51,625 59,308 46,278 53,912 54,397 56,173 46,909 49,427 42,037 41,514 1/ For the European countries, this table uses the 1993, 1994 and 1995 OECD and EUROSTAT benchmarks. Important information about all tables follows Table 6. Table 4. Real GDP per EMPLOYED PERSON1993 Benchmark EKS PPPs/1 (United States = 100) Year United Canada Japan Korea Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Nether- Norway Sweden United States lands Kingdom 1960 100.0 NA 26.4 NA 47.7 61.9 59.9 53.1 57.8 NA 60.3 54.0 53.9 58.2 1961 100.0 NA 29.2 NA 48.7 63.1 61.1 54.8 58.4 NA 59.9 55.2 55.2 57.8 1962 100.0 NA 29.7 NA 48.2 62.7 61.0 56.1 58.4 NA 58.7 54.1 55.0 55.9 1963 100.0 NA 31.6 14.0 49.2 63.2 58.8 57.0 58.3 NA 58.2 54.3 56.0 56.4 1964 100.0 NA 34.1 14.6 50.4 64.3 60.6 58.0 60.0 NA 60.0 54.9 57.0 56.7 1965 100.0 NA 34.0 14.1 50.3 63.9 60.1 58.4 60.5 NA 60.3 55.2 56.6 55.4 1966 100.0 NA 35.5 14.9 51.8 63.5 58.5 58.9 60.3 NA 59.5 55.2 55.7 54.5 1967 100.0 NA 38.5 15.3 54.3 66.2 60.8 61.4 62.0 NA 62.7 58.1 58.1 56.3 1968 100.0 NA 41.6 15.8 56.0 67.3 60.9 62.7 63.8 NA 64.7 57.9 58.2 57.4 1969 100.0 NA 46.0 17.4 59.3 70.2 63.9 65.7 67.1 NA 67.6 59.7 59.6 58.3 1970 100.0 NA 50.1 18.3 63.5 75.0 65.0 68.8 69.9 NA 71.0 60.2 62.5 60.0 1971 100.0 NA 50.5 18.7 64.1 75.0 64.5 69.8 69.7 NA 71.6 60.6 61.5 60.4 1972 100.0 NA 53.3 18.3 66.0 77.2 64.9 70.7 70.7 NA 72.7 61.5 61.2 60.6 1973 100.0 NA 54.8 19.1 66.5 79.2 64.8 71.8 71.5 NA 74.5 62.1 61.9 62.3 1974 100.0 NA 55.7 20.3 70.2 83.2 66.1 75.2 74.4 NA 78.7 66.2 64.2 62.7 1975 100.0 NA 57.3 21.1 69.9 82.6 66.0 75.2 74.9 NA 78.9 67.1 64.1 62.1 1976 100.0 81.0 57.8 21.7 71.2 85.9 67.7 76.2 77.7 NA 80.5 68.0 63.3 63.0 1977 100.0 81.4 58.9 23.0 73.0 85.8 67.5 77.2 79.0 NA 79.9 68.0 61.5 63.8 1978 100.0 81.4 60.6 23.9 72.1 87.1 67.1 78.5 79.9 NA 80.1 69.1 61.7 64.8 1979 100.0 81.1 63.1 25.3 75.1 88.2 68.6 80.9 81.9 NA 80.4 71.0 63.1 65.7 1980 100.0 80.6 64.8 24.8 77.7 92.8 69.2 82.8 82.1 NA 79.6 73.3 64.0 65.5 1981 100.0 80.3 65.5 25.4 76.5 92.3 68.7 83.2 81.3 81.8 77.8 72.2 63.1 66.2 1982 100.0 81.4 67.8 27.0 79.4 96.2 71.4 86.2 82.6 83.6 78.4 73.3 64.7 69.0 1983 100.0 81.3 66.4 29.0 79.6 94.7 71.1 84.7 83.1 82.3 79.2 74.2 64.0 69.9 1984 100.0 81.9 66.8 30.9 78.5 94.5 70.9 84.2 82.9 81.8 78.6 75.8 64.3 68.2 1985 100.0 82.0 68.2 31.2 79.1 93.5 71.1 84.7 82.7 82.6 77.6 76.5 63.9 68.7 1986 100.0 81.6 69.0 33.3 79.0 93.5 71.2 85.8 82.8 83.8 77.8 76.1 64.4 70.6 1987 100.0 82.5 70.9 35.1 80.0 94.9 70.5 87.1 83.1 86.3 77.3 75.8 65.7 72.1 1988 100.0 82.6 72.9 37.3 81.5 96.4 70.7 88.8 84.2 88.0 78.2 74.8 65.2 72.2 1989 100.0 81.8 73.9 37.6 82.3 97.0 70.5 90.2 84.9 89.5 78.9 76.7 64.9 71.0 1990 100.0 81.1 76.1 40.0 84.1 98.5 72.2 91.5 87.1 90.3 78.9 78.8 65.2 70.7 1991 100.0 81.2 77.5 42.4 85.2 99.9 74.3 92.1 89.3 90.7 79.3 81.9 65.4 71.0 1992 100.0 80.5 75.8 42.8 84.6 99.7 73.3 91.9 88.1 90.0 76.7 83.0 66.0 70.6 1993 100.0 80.5 75.1 44.1 84.6 98.3 74.5 90.8 86.8 90.4 75.8 84.3 67.5 72.0 1994 100.0 81.0 74.6 45.9 86.9 100.4 77.0 90.9 89.7 93.7 77.3 82.8 69.2 72.1 1995 100.0 81.1 75.2 48.4 86.6 99.6 77.6 90.5 90.5 95.3 78.4 82.0 70.4 69.8 1996 100.0 80.2 76.4 50.2 86.7 99.6 77.7 90.6 91.4 94.4 78.8 83.0 70.6 69.7 1/ For the European countries, this table uses the 1993, 1994 and 1995 OECD and EUROSTAT benchmarks. Important information about all tables follows Table 6. Table 5. Real GDP per Capita and per Employed PersonAverage Annual Percent Changes/1 Country 1980-96 1980-85 1985-90 1990-96 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Real Gross Domestic Product per Capita United States 1.6 2.0 1.9 1.0 1.6 1.2 2.5 1.0 1.8 Canada 1.1 1.8 1.5 0.2 -0.7 0.8 3.0 1.1 0.3 Japan 2.7 2.7 4.2 1.5 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.9 3.3 Korea 7.2 6.6 8.9 6.3 4.0 4.7 7.5 7.8 6.1 Austria 1.6 1.2 2.6 1.0 0.7 -0.6 3.6 -0.3 0.8 Belgium 1.3 0.7 2.8 0.6 1.1 -1.9 2.0 -0.1 1.3 Denmark 1.9 2.7 1.3 1.8 -0.1 1.2 4.0 2.5 2.1 France 1.2 1.0 2.7 0.3 0.6 -1.8 0.8 0.7 1.1 Germany 1.5 1.3 2.6 0.8 0.5 -3.0 2.8 0.3 0.9 Italy 1.7 1.2 2.8 1.1 0.4 0.2 3.0 1.6 0.5 Netherlands 1.7 0.8 2.5 1.9 1.3 0.1 3.1 2.8 2.8 Norway 2.1 2.8 1.2 2.2 2.7 2.1 0.2 1.1 4.7 Sweden 1.0 1.6 1.8 -0.1 -2.0 -2.8 1.9 3.5 0.9 United Kingdom 1.6 1.9 3.0 0.1 -0.9 1.8 1.8 -1.4 2.0 Real Gross Domestic Product per Employed PersonUnited States 1.1 1.4 0.8 1.1 2.2 1.0 1.2 0.6 1.4 Canada 1.0 1.7 0.6 0.9 1.4 0.9 1.9 0.7 0.2 Japan 2.1 2.4 3.1 1.1 -0.1 0.0 0.6 1.3 3.1 Korea 5.6 6.2 5.9 5.0 3.1 4.1 5.4 6.1 5.1 Austria 1.8 1.7 2.1 1.6 1.6 0.9 3.9 0.2 1.6 Belgium 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.2 2.0 -0.4 3.4 -0.2 1.4 Denmark 1.8 1.9 1.2 2.3 0.9 2.5 4.6 1.4 1.6 France 1.6 1.8 2.4 0.9 1.9 -0.2 1.3 0.1 1.5 Germany 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.9 0.8 -0.5 4.6 1.5 2.4 Italy NA NA 2.7 1.8 1.4 1.4 4.9 2.3 0.3 Netherlands 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.0 -1.2 -0.1 3.2 1.9 1.9 Norway 1.9 2.2 1.4 1.9 3.6 2.5 -0.5 -0.5 2.7 Sweden 1.7 1.3 1.2 2.4 3.2 3.2 3.7 2.5 1.6 United Kingdom 1.5 2.3 1.4 0.8 1.7 2.9 1.4 -2.7 1.3 1/ Calculated from table 1 and table 3.Important information about all tables follows Table 6. Table 6. Purchasing Power Parities and Relative Prices1993 Benchmark EKS PPPs/1 Country 1980 1985 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Purchasing Power Parities for GDP (United States = 1.00) United States 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 Canada 1.255 1.290 1.313 1.280 1.260 1.240 1.227 1.215 Japan 246.2 213.8 192.0 187.7 184.0 180.0 174.5 170.7 Korea 410.2 459.5 523.0 571.7 585.3 603.0 621.0 628.0 Austria 14.42 14.07 13.61 13.80 13.90 13.90 14.10 14.02 Belgium 36.72 37.54 36.72 36.75 37.30 37.30 37.70 37.46 Denmark 8.060 8.941 9.086 8.969 8.790 8.710 8.630 8.600 France 5.632 6.715 6.666 6.581 6.570 6.620 6.620 6.542 Germany 2.421 2.177 2.059 2.091 2.100 2.070 2.070 2.041 Italy 813.2 1219.1 1429.6 1508.3 1534.0 1534.0 1589.0 1632.3 Netherlands 2.778 2.496 2.181 2.145 2.130 2.120 2.080 2.060 Norway 8.010 9.177 9.399 8.973 8.930 9.120 9.370 9.535 Sweden 7.141 8.215 9.660 9.835 9.830 9.900 9.970 9.838 United Kingdom .5157 .5526 .6073 .6335 .6370 .6460 .6700 .6747 Relative Prices (Ratio of Purchasing Power Parities to Market Exchange Rates)(United States = 100) United States 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Canada 107.3 94.4 112.5 105.9 97.7 90.7 89.4 89.1 Japan 109.1 89.6 132.5 148.1 165.6 176.2 185.7 156.9 Korea 67.5 52.8 73.9 73.2 72.9 75.1 80.5 78.1 Austria 111.4 68.1 120.1 125.6 119.4 121.8 139.9 132.4 Belgium 125.7 63.3 109.9 114.3 107.9 111.6 127.9 121.0 Denmark 143.2 84.4 146.8 148.6 135.5 137.0 154.1 148.3 France 133.4 74.8 122.4 124.3 116.0 119.4 132.8 127.9 Germany 133.4 74.0 127.4 133.9 126.9 127.7 144.5 135.6 Italy 95.1 63.4 118.7 122.2 96.6 95.2 97.5 105.8 Netherlands 139.9 75.2 119.8 121.9 114.6 116.5 129.6 122.1 Norway 162.3 106.8 150.3 144.4 125.8 129.3 147.9 147.6 Sweden 168.9 95.5 163.1 168.8 126.1 128.3 139.6 146.7 United Kingdom 119.9 71.7 108.3 111.9 95.7 99.0 105.8 105.3 1/ For the European countries, this table uses the 1993, 1994 and 1995 OECD and EUROSTAT benchmarks. Important information about all tables is on the following page. TABLE NOTES NA = Not available 1. Data are subject to revision as countries revise the underlying statistics. 2. Data for years prior to 1980 are shaded to reflect the limited accuracy of these data. The accuracy of estimated Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) likely decreases the further removed a listed year is from the benchmark year. Benchmark year figures were extrapolated to the other years using relative changes in implicit GDP deflators, derived from individual country data. The time series on gross domestic product are constructed using each country's own price weights. Further, for most countries, it has been necessary to link GDP series, each of which was derived using deflators with its own base-year price weights, to construct one series for use over a long time period. Thus the relative GDP deflators used to extrapolate figures from the benchmark year vary. 3. Unless stated otherwise, Germany refers to the former West Germany. 4. The PPPs for Korea are BLS estimates, computed by extrapolating a preliminary 1985 benchmark PPP from Phase V of the United Nations International Comparison Project (UNICP). 5. Before 1973, the employment figures for the Netherlands are work-years of employed persons. Beginning with 1973, these are BLS estimates of persons employed, linked to the previous series. 6. The employment figures for Norway are persons employed from the Norwegian national accounts beginning with 1972, linked to Norwegian national accounts estimates of work-years of employed persons for previous years. 7. There are breaks in the following series: United States, employment (1990, 1994) Italy, population (1991, 1993) The Netherlands, employment (1983, 1988) The trend series do not include any adjustment for these breaks. Therefore, the computed trends may differ from those that would result had the series been linked to remove the effects of the breaks. In addition, due to breaks in series, data on GDP per employed person in Canada are not shown prior to 1976, and data on GDP per employed person in Italy are not shown prior to 1981. Back to Foreign Labour Statistics |